Contrôles par Condition for Martin-pêcheur d’Europe

Most encounters are obtained after 2000, primarily during late summer and autumn – ca. 66% in the period Jul-Oct (mainly juveniles). More than half of all encounters are recorded in C & SW Europe – 31 and 23% respectively.

The encounters based on dead birds decreased over time – from 55% pre-1960 to 5% after 1991, while those based on alive birds – markedly increased from 42% pre-1960 to 95% after 1991; the latter is largely due to ringing recoveries. Shooting was significant factor in the past, with 12% of all cases before 1960.

Most distant recoveries (>=50 km) are less than 200km away from the ringing site.

Sample size from SE & E Europe is very limited.

Annual Movements for Martin-pêcheur d’Europe

Post-breeding dispersal is evident as early as Jul, being more pronounced until Oct. About 5% of the birds breeding on the British Isles are thought to migrate (Libois 2011), mostly juveniles are encountered in W Europe from Aug to Oct. Migratory birds from W, N & C Europe are encountered on their European wintering grounds as early as Jul, mostly Sep-Mar, some – until end of Apr. Most breeding sites to the N are left by Oct-Nov. Although Iberian population is largely resident, movement of a bird wintering in Morocco (Dec) has also been recorded.

About 94% of all birds encountered in Aug-Oct for two years in N Spain have been found to be juveniles (Arizaga et al. 2010). Similar results (85-98%) have been obtained for N Egypt in Sep-Oct (Rosińska, Busse 2012).

Return movements in the migratory populations take place Mar-Apr, until May in the N.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Martin-pêcheur d’Europe

Within Europe, the migratory tendency has been found to increase from S to N and from W to E (Libois 2011), ice-free wetlands during winter being а vital necessity.

Movements after the breeding season take place between late summer and mid-autumn. The wintering sites in Europe are occupied mostly between early autumn and early spring; sometimes spring migration does not start until mid-spring. Migrants from the most N populations leave their territories as late as mid- to late autumn. Migratory birds from C & SE Europe are encountered in N Africa and the Levant from early autumn.

The birds from migratory populations reach their breeding grounds most often early to mid-spring, sometimes as late as late spring in northernmost populations.

Contrôles par Condition for Cormoran huppé

Half of the encounters are from birds reported dead without geographical pattern, 6% are shot, nearly all in Norway, UK and France and all before 1990. Almost 10% drowned in fishing nets. One fifth refers to ringing recoveries, nearly all in UK and mainly after 1990. 25% are ring readings, all  after 1990, during which even 40%. Ring readings predominantly at East coast of UK and in Itaky, some Netherlands, France, Norway.

Annual Movements for Cormoran huppé

There is hardly any variation visible in the distribution of re-encounters, except that recoveries in northernmost Norway are absent in Nov-Feb, and in Neterlands, Denmark and Sweden recoveries are absent in Jun-Jul.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Cormoran huppé

Birds in UK during breeding May-Jul connect to close-by coastal sites in all directions and all months, and to wintering sites on British SE coasts and Netherlands in Oct-Feb, to Brittany, France in Sep-Mar. Wintering birds Nov-Feb all connect to UK breeding colonies in May-Jul. Similar pattern for Norway breeders May-Jul, connecting to close-by sites along coast mainly in May-Sept, to coastal sites further away in Norway and Swedish W coast Sep-Mar. Birds in winter Nov-Feb connect to more northerly colonies along coast Jun-Jul, some to Scotland and Shetland in Jun-Aug. French breeders Jun-Jul connect in all  directions to coastal locations in France in S. UK in all months, one Germany Apr, one Denmark Feb. Nearly all recoveries of breeding birds in Italy Jun-Jul connect to Croatia in Apr.

Contrôles par Condition for Vanneau huppé

There is a large majority of dead recoveries from hunted birds, as the lapwing is a game species in most of Europe. The increasing effort in colour ringing increased the proportion of live recoveries to over 60% after 1990, but the numbers of re-encounters was high even before 1960 (and started in 1910!).

Annual Movements for Vanneau huppé

There are some movements within wintering regions in case of harsh climatic conditions. Tracking of Dutch birds (Eichhorn et al. 2017) reported that birds from a colony had widely separated wintering grounds, from the colony to Ireland and Morocco, but individuals are faithful to their wintering area. Movements are direct and fast, some birds covering 2000 km within 2-4 days. A large variation in migration strategies supports the species’ responsiveness to recent climate change (shortened migration distance, advanced breeding timing).

Connectivité par mois par région pour Vanneau huppé

Only birds from the North, Central and East Europe leave completely their breeding grounds between September and November, and mainly start the spring migration in March (February in Mediterranean countries), with arrivals on breeding grounds done achieved in May. In the North-West and West, birds are present year-round and wintering grounds in the South-West are largely empty in March, and provide again numerous recoveries in December.

Contrôles par Condition for Chevalier gambette

The majority of recoveries concern live birds, recaptured by ringers or relocated from colour rings, with a classical reduction in dead recoveries (from ~50% before 1960 to 7% after 1990) in correlation with an increase in recovery numbers.

Annual Movements for Chevalier gambette

Redshank from Scandinavia and north-west Russia migrate along the western coasts of Europe into Iberia, wintering around the Mediterranean and in west Africa, and very few continental Redshank visit Britain (Ogilvie 1963). Eastern redshanks migrate over the continent to reach the eastern Mediteranean basin.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Chevalier gambette

In Iceland, birds of ssp. robusta are present mainly from May to August, with few recoveries in April and September, while movements to the British Isles are mainly noted in April and August. In northern Europe, breeding birds are present from May to July, already moved to West Europe in August and move back to the North in April. Birds from the West region which migrate SW are on the move in September-October and April in the South-West, with recoveries in Africa in November-January. The spring recoveries of eastern birds in Central Europe are from May, with returns to SE Europe from September onwards.

Contrôles par Condition for Bécasseau variable

Most encounters are obtained after the mid-1970s. They come mainly from Jul-Sep – 52% combined (late breeding season and early autumn migration). Most encounters from late Aug to mid-Oct are based primarily on juvenile birds. Majority of encounters (ca. 93%) are recorded in NW, N, C and W Europe (36, 24, 23 and 10% respectively). The encounters based on dead birds decreased markedly over the years: from 74% pre-1960 to 5% after 1991; those based on alive birds considerably increased from 18% before 1960 to 95% after 1991. The latter is mostly due to ringing recoveries and colour mark records. Shooting as а factor has been largely reduced from 56% pre-1960 to less than 1% after 1991.

Most of the distant (>=50 km) recoveries are less than 2000km away (but some are more than 5000km).

Annual Movements for Bécasseau variable

Post-breeding movements start late Jun-Jul, adults preceding juveniles about a month (Delany et al. 2009, Noskov et al. 2016). Autumn migration is evident mostly Aug-Nov, depending on latitude and region. N & NW African coasts are reached as early as Aug, the birds stay in their wintering grounds (S to W Africa) mainly until Mar-Apr, sometimes until mid-May. Major wintering regions in Africa are some coastal habitats in Tunisia, Morocco and from Mauritania to Guinea. 

Breeding sites are usually occupied in Apr-May, those in high Arctic – in Jun.

Tracked birds from the Baltic breeding population used staging sites at Wadden Sea and locally in W Europe to and from their wintering sites in Mauritania, showing rapid jump migration in the autumn and slower skipping type spring migration (Pakanen et al. 2018).

Connectivité par mois par région pour Bécasseau variable

General migration patterns are also supported by genetic evidence – Greenland, Iceland & N European populations are predominant in the W African wintering grounds, while those wintering in W Europe originate from more eastern breeding grounds (e.g. N Russia) (Lopes et al. 2008).

Wadden Sea, Wash (UK), the Baltic Sea and Azov-Black Seas are important moulting grounds for the species (Delany et al. 2009). SW Europe, as well as N & NW Africa serve as stopover and wintering regions for migration routes of broad geographic range (Lopes et al. 2005, Thorup et al. 2009).

Possible loop migration in Europe has been suggested (Bairlein et al. 2014).

Black Sea region spring encounters suggest overland routes across E Europe to the W Siberia, which breeders undertake the longest routes within the region. W Siberian birds are encountered wintering in the Caspian Sea region from late autumn to late spring (Ilichev 1985).

Contrôles par Condition for Martinet noir

Two-thirds of recoveries are dead birds, evenly spread over the entire range. Only a small fraction of these were shot, all in S Europe and Africa. Almost 20% of recoveries refer to alive birds of which most are recovered by certified ringers, especially in the UK, C Europe and Finland. The remainder of recoveries refers to birds found dead or wounded. Less than 1% of recoveries refer to birds being shot. The fraction of alive recoveries has increased over the past decades.

Annual Movements for Martinet noir

Birds depart from the African wintering grounds in March-April to arrive at the European breeding grounds late April-May. Recoveries from important stopovers along the migratory route within Africa are missing. Swifts from northern populations arrive later at the breeding grounds than southern populations. The breeding grounds are departed in August, and by this time some birds are already encountered at the C African wintering grounds. During winter, some populations shift to more south-eastern wintering grounds.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Martinet noir

Encounters during April-June and August-September connect Swift populations from the British Isles, the Low Countries, C Europe and Fennoscandia to Iberia and NW Africa, suggesting that this western route is used during both autumn and spring migration. Overall, birds are encountered in C Africa during October-November while birds are encountered in SE Africa during December-February. Tracking of Swifts has confirmed that NW European but not Fennoscandian birds shift from C Africa to SE Africa in the course of the wintering period (Klaassen et al. 2014). Although there are no recoveries from this area, tracking studies revealed the importance of Liberia as a stopover before crossing the Sahara during spring migration in April, at least for the NW European and Fennoscandian populations (Åkesson et al. 2012).

Contrôles par Condition for Choucas des tours

Most eraly recoveries are of birds found dead, but the recent development of colour-ringing schemes has shifted the balance towards a majority of live resightings. There is still a large proportion of shot-dead recoveries, as Jackdaws are considered to be an agricultural pest in some European countries and regulated as such.

Annual Movements for Choucas des tours

SW  movements from C, E and N Europe towards occur mainly in Oct and Apr, but most individuals, paticularly of the subspecies spermologus and monedula, are resident or disperse locally in winter. Long-distance movements are few and concern northern monedula and eastern soemmerringii. Two tracking studies of spermologus confirm residency and short-distance winter dispersal.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Choucas des tours

Birds breeding in the N move to the SW from early Oct onwards (Kjellén 2019), with winter records mostly along North Sea countries, rarely down to the Mediterranean. Last departures of northern birds from western Europe is in early May. Birds breeding in Central Europe move from mid-Oct onwards, and are back in breeding regions from early Apr. Long-distance recoveries of breeders from E Europe are few, they have been recorded from the end of Oct to mid-Feb, but may well occur over a longer period.

Contrôles par Condition for Oie à bec court

As for other geese, the vast majority (almost 95%) of recoveries before 1991 were of dead birds, although 25%  were of recaptures of live birds before 1961, reflecting the catching in the 1950s. More-recent records are largely of marked individuals identified from neck rings (85%). The heterogeneities in recovery conditions and dichotomy in recovery periods will probably not impact the migration pattern of the species, although climate change may have had an effect on phenology.

Annual Movements for Oie à bec court

Tracking data for the spring migration of birds breeding in Svalbard in the early 2010s showed that the birds wintered mainly in Denmark, but also in the Dutch Wadden Sea and in Belgium(Chudzińska et al. 2016). Most departures from Denmark to S Norway occurred in the first two dekads of April with most birds staging in Nord Trøndelag in late Apr and then in the Vesterålen islands in early May, arriving in Svalbard in mid-May (Tombre et al. 2008). A larger sample of birds has been tagged in Denmark very recently, but the data is not yet openly accessible. The very large increase of the NW populations wintering in Britain certainly drives the pattern of recent recoveries, although tracking data concern only NE birds.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Oie à bec court

Birds breeding in Greenland and Iceland cross the ocean to reach their wintering grounds in the British Isles, with most birds on the move from mid-Sep onwards;there are no records in Iceland at the end of Oct. Birds return to Iceland from the beginning of April and to Greenland in May, although a few birds over-summer in Britain. Moult migration of non- and failed breeders to Greenland, returning to Iceland late Sep to early Oct. Svalbard birds wintering around the N Sea start to move N at the beginning of Apr, migrating along the Norwegian coast to reach Svalbard during mid-May (Madsen et al. 1997). The first obvious southward movements from Svalbard occur during the second half of Sep, while most individuals are on the wintering grounds by mid-Oct. As most encounters are from two widely spaced, discrete time periods, this could influence the observed patterns of movement.

Contrôles par Condition for Fauvette babillarde

Overall, most (~95%) of recoveries are of birds seen alive, mainly recaptures by ringers (~90%). However, before 1961 most recoveries were of birds found dead (including shot), sick or wounded (overall ~75%). This pattern changed during 1961-1990, when the percentage of birds found dead, sick or wounded fell to ~15%. From 1991 to present most recoveries (>94%) are of birds recaptured in ringing campaigns.

Annual Movements for Fauvette babillarde

Autumn migration is evident in Aug, when some birds are already in the eastern Mediterranean. There are encounters in Africa Dec-Apr, although there are very few data for this region. Birds start to arrive on the breeding grounds in W/C Europe in Apr-May in Scandinavia. Passage through Israel in spring is negatively correlated with precipitation in the winter quarters in Feb, with higher levels of precipitation seemingly accelerating fat deposition and timing of spring migration (Aloni et al. 2017). Adults migrate earlier than juveniles (Zduniak & Yosef 2012).

Connectivité par mois par région pour Fauvette babillarde

There is a similar pattern for all European populations; for details see ‘Annual movements’.

Contrôles par Condition for Buse variable

Until 1960 86% of the recoveries were dead birds, including 43% shot birds. From 1961 to 1990 87% concerned dead birds, including 11% shot birds. From 1991, 56% concerned dead birds, and only about 1% was shot.
Most buzzards were shot in Denmark, Belgium and SE France. Also many shot birds in E Netherlands, W, C and S France, Czechia, N Italy, Greece and Georgia. Less shot on the British Isles, S Fennoscandia, Spain, Portugal, the Balkan, Near East and East Europe.

Annual Movements for Buse variable

From Dec - Feb birds are highly concentrated in Denmark, the Low countries and C Europe, also many birds in France and the UK, fewer in Spain, Italy, S Fennoscandia, SW Europe and few in Near East, NW, W and SE Africa. By Mar most birds have left Africa and the Balkan, small increase in S Finland and E Europe. In Apr - May further increase in S Fennoscandia and E Europe, less birds in S Europe and France. In Jun - Jul few birds in SE Europe and Near East. In Aug - Sep small increase in SE Europe and Near East. In Oct most birds left C and N Fennoscandia, more birds in France and S Europe and first in W and SE Africa. In Nov fewer birds in Finland and E Europe, small increase in NW Africa.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Buse variable

C Norway breeders are found in S Sweden (Sep - Feb); from S Norway, Sweden and Finland most are found in Denmark, the Low Countries and France (Sep - Mar, most Dec - Jan), also C and SW Europe and Italy (most Dec - Jan) and few from NW and W Africa (Oct - Apr). From Finland also recoveries in the Balkan, Greece, Black Sea area and Near East (Aug - Mar), also Saudi Arabia (Oct, May) and E Africa (Oct - Apr). From UK breeders one is found in Germany (Jan), France (Sep) and Ireland (Oct). Breeders of the Low Countries are found in N France (Sep - Apr) and NW Germany (Aug - Apr). Breeders of C and E Europe are most found in W Europe (Sep - Apr, most Dec - Jan), also in the Balkan, Greece, Italy and Spain (most Nov - Feb). From E Europe also recoveries in Near East (Jan - May) and Burundi (Feb).