Callum Macgregor

Small warbler, feeds on insects and spiders; in autumn also berries. Nominate trochilus: W Europe to S Poland and Romania; acredula: Scandinavia to Siberia (Yenisey River); yakutensis: E Siberia (Taymyr Peninsula to Anadyr River). Unlike similar Chiffchaff P. collybita, extends widely into arctic but only marginally into Mediterranean region. Differs in being a bird less of mature woodland than of scrub, second growth, and transitions to more open habitats. Although the population is decreasing, the population is large enough to assign the status of Least Concern. All populations migratory, wintering extensively in sub-Saharan Africa from S Sénégal east to Ethiopia, south to South Africa.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendDecreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		106000000-161000000,130000000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Carte

Connectivité globale pour Pouillot fitis

S. Fennoscandian birds allegedly belonging to trochilus move NE - SW: recoveries in W and SW Europe, S UK and W Africa; alledged acredula move N - S: recoveries in C Europe, Italy and C Africa; and NW – SE to E and SE Europe, Turkey, Near East, Egypt and E Africa. Migratory divide across central Scandinavia diffuse and genetic differentiation is small (Bensch et al. 1999). Few birds move E - W, found in Iceland, Shetlands and Faroer. From UK and Ireland birds move NNW - SSE, found W Europe, Iberia and W Africa. Birds from W Europe mainly move NE - SW, recoveries in Iberia and W Africa; a minority move NNW - SSE, recoveries C Europe, Italy, E Algeria, Tunesia and C Africa. Birds from C and E Europe show directions from NE - SW to NW – SE, but from C Europe there are only recoveries in W Africa and from E Europe only in E Africa.

Contrôles par Condition for Pouillot fitis

Until 1960 52% of the recoveries were dead birds: 8% were shot and 2,8% intentionally taken. From 1961 to 1990 11% concerned dead birds: 1% was shot and 0,4% was intentionally taken. From 1991 almost all recoveries concerned alive birds. Most dead birds were intentionally taken or shot in Portugal, N Spain and N Italy; also around the Mediaranean E coast and in NW, W, C and SE Africa.

Annual Movements for Pouillot fitis

In Nov - Feb birds are found in W, C and SE Africa, but also in Europe and NW Africa. In Mar numbers in NW Africa and Europe increase. In Apr hotspots are in the UK, the Low Countries and C Europe, also many birds in S Europe and NW Africa and first birds in S Fennoscandia; there are still birds in W and SE Africa and in Near East. In May - Jul most birds are in the UK, NW Europe and S Fennoscandia; less birds in N Fennoscandia and S Europe. In Aug - Sep numbers in SW Europe and N Italy increase, first birds in NW Africa, SE Europe, Near East and Egypt. In Oct numbers most birds have left Fennoscandia, still birds in Europe, most in the Low Countries, N Italy, Portugal and Spain; also in NW Africa, Egypt and Near East; first birds in W, C and SE Africa.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Pouillot fitis

Fennoscandian birds are found in W Europe (Aug - Sep, Apr), SW Europe (Sep - Nov), E Spain, the Balearic Isles and S France (Apr - May), N Italy (Sep - Dec), S Italy (Apr - May), NW Africa (Sep - Dec, Mar - May), C and SE Europe, N Egypt (Sep - Oct), Near East (Sep - Oct, Feb - May) and in whole sub-Saharan Africa (Oct - Apr). Ireland and UK birds are found in SW Europe (Sep - Dec), E Spain and France (Feb - Apr), Switzerland (Apr), NW Africa (Sep - Oct, Mar - Apr) and W Africa (Oct - Apr). W Europe birds are found in Portugal and (W) Spain (Aug - Nov), E Spain, S France and Italy (Mar - May), NW Africa (Sep - May) and C Africa (Oct - Mar). Birds of C and E Europe are found in SW Europe (Aug - Oct), S Europe (Apr - May), NW Africa (Oct - Dec, Apr -May), W Africa (Mar - Apr).

Références

Statistiques Carte
Nombre de données Nombre d'individus Nombre de contrôles
Données cartographiées*
Données totales disponibles
*Données cartographiées avec des contrôles >= à 50 km
Références Carte
Bensch, S., Andersson, T., Åkesson, S.1999 . Morphological and molecular variation across a migratory divide in willow warblers, Phylloscopus trochilus. Evolution 53 Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04573.x) : 1925–1935

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Michele Mendi

A polytypic Holarctic passerine, breeding from Iberia in W Europe to Alaska and Canada. Migratory, wintering ranges extended from SW Europe and Africa to SE Asia (Collar 2005). Six subspecies breed in Europe: L. s. azuricollis (Iberia only, Johnsen et al., 2006), namnetum (mostly Atlantic wetlands of France), cyanecula (from E France to Russia), svecica (N Scandinavia to N Russia), volgae (from E Ukraine to Russia), magna (Caucasus).

Season of assessment

B

Population trendStable
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		7930000-14800000,10900000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Carte

Connectivité globale pour Gorgebleue à miroir

Two main migratory axes; SW (namnetum, cyanecula, azuricollIs) (Arizaga & Tamayo 2013) or SE (svecica, magna, volgae) (Collar 2005). Subspecies azuricollis recently revealed to winter in W Africa (Lomas-Vega et al. 2019)., while namnetum migrates along the coast of N Iberia (Arizaga et al. 2006) to overwinter mainly in Portugal/N Africa (Zucca & Jiguet 2002) and cyanecula overwinters from S Europe to W Africa. Migration is on a broad front, although there is some connectivity: Bluethroats breeding further east were also located further east during autumn migration, winter and spring. There are few data for svecica  outside Scandinavia, but recoveries spread across a NW-SE axis, across to India. Studies with geolocators confirm an Indo-European flyway (Lislevand et al. 2015). Few data for the E and Caucasian populations. There are few data for the E and Caucasian populations. Birds breeding in SE Russia/Caucasus have been recovered in Israel and the E Mediterranean.

Contrôles par Condition for Gorgebleue à miroir

Most recoveries are of birds recaptured for ringing. Before 1960 ca. 15% of recoveries were of birds found dead, including those shot or sick/wounded.

Annual Movements for Gorgebleue à miroir

Birds leave the breeding quarters soon after breeding, mostly in Jul/Aug, up to Sep in very N populations (Lislevand et al. 2015). Passage in W Europe starts in mid-Aug, peaking in Sep (Arizaga et al. 2010). By Nov, most birds already found at their wintering sites. Spring migration starts in Mar, peaking in Apr in S/C Europe and also the Indo-European flyway-associated Bluethroats (Lislevand et al. 2015),  arrival on the northern European breeding grounds (Scandinavian birds) is in May; later than for the W/C European populations. Migratory speed seems to be slow, assessed to be <200 km/day (including stopovers; Lislevand et al. 2015), though probably much faster in spring (Lomas-Vega et al. 2019).

Connectivité par mois par région pour Gorgebleue à miroir

There are fewer recoveries during spring migration than in autumn. Autumn recoveries There are fewer recoveries during spring migration than in autumn. Autumn recoveries cyanecula are common both on the Atlantic and the Mediterranean coasts of W/C Europe, while in spring most recoveries show a Mediterranean–biased distribution, suggesting loop migration at least in this subspecies are common both on the Atlantic and the Mediterranean coasts of W/C Europe, while in spring most recoveries show a Mediterranean–biased distribution, suggesting loop migration at least in this subspecies (Arizaga & Tamayo 2013). In autumn, svecica moves through C Asia from Sep to Oct/Nov; reaching India from late Sep to Oct/Nov (Lislevand et al. 2015).

Références

Statistiques Carte
Nombre de données Nombre d'individus Nombre de contrôles
Données cartographiées*
Données totales disponibles
*Données cartographiées avec des contrôles >= à 50 km
Références Carte
Arizaga, J., Alonso, D., Campos, F., Unamuno, J. M., Monteagudo, A., Fernandez, G., Carregal, X. M., Barba, E.2006 . ¿Muestra el pechiazul Luscinia svecica en España una segregación geográfica en el paso posnupcial a nivel de subespecie?. Ardeola 53: 285–291
Arizaga, J., Barba, E., Alonso, D., Vilches, A.2010 . Stopover of bluethroats Luscina svecica cyanecula in northern Iberia during the autumn migration period. Ardeola 57: 69–85
Arizaga, J., Tamayo, I.2013 . Connectivity patterns and key non–breeding areas of white–throated bluethroat (Luscinia svecica) European populations. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 36: 69–78
Collar, N. J.2005 . Family Turdidae (Thrushes). In: Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol 10. Lynx, BarcelonaEditor(s): Del Hoyo, J., Elliot, A., Christie, D. A.: 514–807
Johnsen, A., Andersson, S., Garcia Fernandez, J., Kempenaers, B., Pavel, V., Questiau, S., Raess, M., Rindal, E., Lifjeld, J. T.2006 . Molecular and phenotypic divergence in the bluethroat Luscinia svecica subspecies complex. Molecular Ecology 15: 4033–4047
Lislevand, T., Chutný, B., Byrkjedal, I., Pavel, V., Briedis, M., Adamik, P., Hahn, S.2015 . Red-spotted Bluethroats Luscinia s. svecica migrate along the Indo-European flyway: a geolocator study. Bird Study 62: 508–515
Lomas-Vega, M., Willemoes, M., Arizaga, J., Onrubia, A., Cuenca, D., Alonso, D., Torralvo, C., Tøttrup, A. P., Thorup, K.2019 . Migration Strategies of Iberian Breeding White-Rumped Swifts Apus caffer, Rufous-Tailed Scrub-Robins Cercotrichas galactotes and Bluethroats Cyanecula svecica. Ardeola 66: 51–64
Zucca, M., Jiguet, F2002 . La Gorgebleue à miroir (Luscina svecica) en France: nidification, migration et hivernage. Ornithos 9: 242–252

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Michele Mendi

Polytypic species with large breeding range, from W Europe to C Asia and the Himalayas; also in NW Africa (BirdLife International 2021). Fairly resident, post-breeding dispersal or short-range migrations documented for those birds/population which breed mostly in Scandinavia/N Rusia (Tyler & Ormerod 1994). Associated to well-oxigenated rivers with stone beds (Tyler & Ormerod 1994).

Season of assessment

B

Population trendDecreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		222000-547000,335000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Carte

Connectivité globale pour Cincle plongeur

Most regions show relatively short-range movements (<200 km), with the exceptions of Central, N and E Europe, where displacements of up to ca. 1000 km can be detected (though most obtained at less than 200 km). Thus, it is a majorly sedentary species, so recoveries show local natal or breeding dispersal patterns, rather than true migrations. Largest movements due to Fennoscandian populations, which move south/south-east in autumn, mostly to overwinter within the circum-Baltic region, also (more exceptionally) to Britain. In Spain, most recoveries (ca. 90%) obtained within <10 km, and only one recovery of >100 km (a bird ringed in Belgium) (Regla & Arizaga 2016). This is a general rule for the W and S populations (Tyler & Ormerod 1994, Spina & Volponi 2009).

Contrôles par Condition for Cincle plongeur

Overall, most recoveries (>90%) due to birds found alive, both recaptured for ringing and identified by other means, like leg ring(s). Before 1960, still a remarkable fraction (ca. 25%) of the birds was due to individuals encountered dead, sick or wounded. From 1990 to present, this fraction is absolutely marginal, so most recoveries come from birds encountered alive, either recaptured or identified by other means.

Annual Movements for Cincle plongeur

Natal dispersal in resident populations starts soon after young emancipate, and the timing for that can vary with altitude and latitude. In Fennoscandia, most birds found at their winter quarters by Oct, up to Mar/Apr.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Cincle plongeur

Most populations remain in the same zone for the whole annual cycle. Adults normally show high fidelity to breeding site (e.g., Tyler et al. 1990), whilst first-year birds show some degree of natal dispersal which, in addition, is greater in females (Tyler et al. 1990). Many Fennoscandian dippers abandon their breeding sites by Oct, as soon as water bodies where they live freeze. They then mostly occupy the circum-Baltic region. Return to breeding quarters patent in Apr; by May most birds are found at their breeding sites. In S Europe, where the birds breed associated to mountain ranges, altitudinal movements common (Tyler & Ormerod 1994). 

Références

Statistiques Carte
Nombre de données Nombre d'individus Nombre de contrôles
Données cartographiées*
Données totales disponibles
*Données cartographiées avec des contrôles >= à 50 km
Références Carte
BirdLife International 2021 . Species factsheet: Cinclus cinclus.
Regla, M., Arizaga, J.2016 . Patrones de movimiento del mirlo acuático Cinclus cinclus L., 1758 en España: análisis de recapturas. Munibe 64: 41–51
Spina, F., Volponi, S.2009 . Atlante della migrazione degli uccelli in Italia. Vol. 2: Passeriformi. ISPRA-MATTM, Roma
Tyler, S. J., Ormerod, S. J.1994 . The Dippers. T & A. D. Poyser, London
Tyler, S. J., Ormerod, S., Lewis, J. M. S.1990 . The post-natal and breeding dispersal of Welsh dippers Cinclus cinclus. Bird Study 37: 18–23

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Michele Mendi

Large and powerful finch breeding over much of Europe from C Sweden, S Finland far into Russia, S to S France to Greece, C. Spain. Race buvryi in NWAfrica, nigricans Crimea, Caucasus. Sedentary, locally dispersive or partially migratory in Europe. Prefers broadleaved woodland; reaches highest densities in broadleaved forests in UK (Kirby et al 2015), also in mixed forest, parks and gardens; orchards, olive groves, steppe-woodlands and thorn thickets in S. Diet predominantly seeds, buds and shoots of trees and shrubs, nestlings fed with small invertebrates. 2,600,000-5,070,000 breeding pairs in Europe, moderately increasing.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendIncreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		7280000-12100000,9290000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Carte

Connectivité globale pour Gros-bec casse-noyaux

Predominant direction of movement from NE to SW-W, with British population largely sedentary, N populations moving SSW, and most SE European birds moving due W to Italy. Birds from Fennoscandia and Baltic show longest movements. N Italy and S France receive bulk of migrating and wintering birds from C and E Europe and act as a hotspot in Oct-Dec, but may be biased because of high hunting pressure. Few birds on autumn migration in C Europe and Italy reached Morocco, Algeria or Tunisia. Shows signs of irruptive migration and numbers wintering in Italy vary greatly (Schmidt & Gatter 1986; Newton 2006).

Contrôles par Condition for Gros-bec casse-noyaux

Some 13% of reencounters are ring recoveries, most frequent in Belgium, E Germany, Czech republic, Slovakia and Hungary, and N Italy. One third refer to birds that were shot or intentionally taken, mainly in Italy and S France, but this has stopped completely after 1990, while the importance of ringing recoveries increased. Another third refer to birds that were found dead from other causes, and these arse spread evenly across the entire range.

Annual Movements for Gros-bec casse-noyaux

Band of recoveries from Belgium, Germany, SE to Czech Republic and Hungary in Jan-Aug represents main European breeding area, where birds present year-round. From mid Sep to end Dec eye-catching concentration directly S of Alps in Italy, and C Italy and S France, with highest density in Oct, probably related to large-scale hunting. fading out in Jan-Mar. Italy vacated in Apr, no birds present in May-Aug. Fennoscandia has most birds present in Feb-Jun, fewer in other months.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Gros-bec casse-noyaux

Most birds in N Europe caught Jan-May, connecting to British Isles Mar-Apr, N. Germany, Netherlands Sep-Mar, and to S France, Italy Oct-Feb. Fewer birds in Jun-Dec, connecting shorter distances in all months and directions. E European birds mainly caught Apr-May and Aug-Oct in Baltic, connecting to C Europe, France and Italy in Oct-Apr. Birds in C Europe in Apr-Sep connect from a band stretching from N Germany to Hungary, to S France and N and C Italy in Oct-Dec, with Eastern birds connecting strongly to Italy (Halmos & Csörgő 1999), western birds to France. Mixed pattern in Oct-Mar with birds moving NE within region, or continuing to Fennoscandia, Baltic or further in May-Aug. SW Europe attracts birds from C Europe in Oct-Jan, fewer Feb-Apr. Very few connections in May-Sep, within the region or to C Europe.

Références

Statistiques Carte
Nombre de données Nombre d'individus Nombre de contrôles
Données cartographiées*
Données totales disponibles
*Données cartographiées avec des contrôles >= à 50 km
Références Carte
Halmos, G., Csörgő, T.1999 . Migration and wintering of finches (Fringillidae) in the Carpathian Basin according to foreign recoveries. Ornis Hungarica 8: 1–12
Kirby, W.B., Bellamy, P.E., Stanbury, A.J., Bladon, A.J., Grice, P.V., Gillings, S.2015 . Breeding season habitat associations and population declines of British Hawfinches Coccothraustes coccothraustes. Bird Study 62 Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2015.1046368) : 348–357
Newton, I.2006 . Advances in the study of irruptive migration. Ardea 94: 433–460
Schmid, U. Gatter, W.1986 . The influence of irruptions on the flock pattern of migrating hawfinches coccothraustes coccothraustes. Vogelwarte 33: 335–338

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Aron Tanti

Small swallow found in open areas, breeding on cliffs and in human habitations, including towns and cities. Breeds over most of Europe and in NW Africa. Builds nest made of mud pellets attached to the outside of a building or a bridge, occasionally also natural sea cliffs or rock face. Feeds almost entirely on flying insects that are taken by aerial-pursuit. Fully migratory, with European birds wintering south of the Sahara. European population 11,200,000-23,600,000 breeding pairs, decreasing.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendStable
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		23000000-48100000,33000000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Carte

Connectivité globale pour Hirondelle de fenêtre

Nearly all connections are N-S oriented, with some variation. UK birds move more towards SE, W. European birds more SW. Pattern suggestive of connectivity between breeding and wintering locations with NW and W European birds crossing mainly from Iberia, C., N. and E. European birds moving through Italy and Greece. NW and W. European birds have just one sub-Saharan connection each, both in Nigeria, but many more in N, C and E European birds, with wintering areas in S and C Africa. Stable isotope analyses point to wintering areas of W. European birds in West Africa (Hobson et al. 2012). Some eye-catching E-W connections, from Finland to Faroe Islands, and from Denmark to Russia.

Contrôles par Condition for Hirondelle de fenêtre

Most re-encounter of house martins, 82%, are ring recoveries, and a further 7% were other alive encounters. Contrary to many other species, just 10% refers to dead birds, probably due to their aerial lifestyle during the non-breeding season. Most ring recoveries are from UK, the low countries and Eastern Germany, few scattered in other regions. Reports of dead birds equally spread throughout the area. Most shot birds in France and Italy.

Annual Movements for Hirondelle de fenêtre

From mid Nov to begin Feb encounters in Africa, and very few scattered around Europe. Already from end Feb number of encounters increase in Europe, but majority arrives end Apr through Iberia, Italy and Greece. Further increase begin May, Fennoscandia reached mid-May, northernmost locations mid Jun. Stable until mid Aug, sharp decline in Fennoscandia end Aug, vacated by mid Sep, when most birds concentrated in Southern half UK, W and C Europe. First half Oct hotspots in Switzerland and still Southern UK, en Oct few remain in Europe, last ones begin Nov.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Hirondelle de fenêtre

Birds during breeding in NW Europe in Jun-Aug connect to southern half of UK in Sep, and further S to France, Italy and Algeria in Oct or during spring migration Apr-May. Birds during breeding in W Europe in Jun-Aug connect to France, Spain and Switzerland in Oct, or around Mediterranean during spring in Mar-Jun. Birds in Sep-Oct in France connect to UK, low countries, Germany and Denmark in May-Jun. Breeding birds from N and E Europe in Jun-Aug connect to locations within the regions and to C Europe in the same period, to scattered locations in C. Europe and France in Sep-Oct, and to S. Africa and Zimbabwe mainly in Jan. Just two birds from NW and W Europe connect to Nigeria in Feb-Mar. Nearly all re-encounters in N. Africa are in Apr and connect to NW, W and C Europe in Jun-Aug.

Références

Statistiques Carte
Nombre de données Nombre d'individus Nombre de contrôles
Données cartographiées*
Données totales disponibles
*Données cartographiées avec des contrôles >= à 50 km
Références Carte
Hobson, K. A., Van Wilgenburg, S. L., Piersma, T., Wassenaar, L. I.2012 . Solving a migration riddle using isoscapes: House Martins from a Dutch village winter over West Africa. PloS one 7 article no.: e45005 Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045005)

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Anne Cotton

Colonially breeding species, which occupies sparsely vegetated low-lying areas in exclusively coastal habitats, preferring sandy, muddy, gravelly or bare coral substrates. Widely, but patchily, distributed along the coasts of Europe, E North America, Caribbean region and South America (Shealer et al. 2020). European strongholds are in the Netherlands, the British Isles, Russia and Ukraine (Keller et al. 2020). Populations in Europe are migratory, the wintering grounds being largely in the Mediterranean region and along the coasts of W Africa.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendIncreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		160000-320000,258000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Carte

Connectivité globale pour Sterne caugek

Birds breeding in N, NW, W & C Europe migrate S & SW mostly along the Atlantic coast of W & SW Europe, to a lesser extent through the W & C Mediterranean. Multiple encounters of wintering birds are spread along the whole Atlantic coastline of W & S Africa, reaching the Indian Ocean close to Mozambique. Wintering birds are encountered in the Macaronesian islands (single stragglers) and even as far as North America. Very few birds from N & C Europe take SE routes towards the Black Sea region. SC European breeders (Italy) migrate and overwinter both in the Mediterranean and along the W & S Africa coasts. The Black Sea breeding population mainly migrates to the Mediterranean Sea during winter, moving E-W. A bird marked by the Caspian Sea was recovered during winter in Sri Lanka.

Contrôles par Condition for Sterne caugek

Most recoveries occur during the breeding season, peaking in Jun (ca. 42%). The bulk of encounters (ca. 80% in total) come from W  (32%), NW (17%), N (16%) and C Europe (15%). Recoveries of dead birds have  decreased over time: from 74%  before1961 to 14% since 1991; recoveries of live birds increased considerably from 9% before 1961 to 80% since 1991. The latter is mostly due to recaptures; especially metal rings read in the field and colour-ring resightings. Shooting was an important factor in the past (26% of all recoveries before 1961 and 6% 1961-1990). Birds have been locally trapped in W Africa by children using baited hooks or nooses (Wernham et al. 2002).

Annual Movements for Sterne caugek

The populations around the North Sea show no prevailing direction for post-breeding dispersal (Jul-Aug; Møller 1981a). There is pronounced autumn migration mainly from Aug and especially in Sep. The wintering grounds along the W & S African coasts (even the furthest ones, in S Africa; Tree 2011) are reached as early as Sep; overwintering birds are encountered until Mar-Apr. Many of them depend on the local upwellings for food provisioning (Møller 1981b). Some birds from NW, W & C Europe are encountered in C Mediterranean (Italy) in autumn (mainly Sep-Oct) and spring (Apr-May). Most birds breeding in the Black Sea region migrate to the Mediterranean Sea (from Spain to Israel), where are encountered mainly Oct-Mar; some continue as far as W & S Africa. Spring movements are mainly undertaken in Mar-Apr, sometimes until May.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Sterne caugek

Dispersal movements after the breeding season take place in mid- to late summer, migration is more evident from early autumn. Wintering birds in W & S Africa are encountered mostly between early autumn and mid-spring. Most first-year and some 2-3-year-old birds spend the summer in the winter quarters (Møller 1981b). Some birds from the populations around the North Sea migrate through Italy. The Black Sea breeding population moves E-W and overwinters mostly within the Mediterranean region (Popov et al. 2012), some birds reach the Canaries (Mar). Spring migration takes place mostly early to mid-spring. Spring movements from the wintering sites in Namibia to the colonies in the Netherlands last 30-45 days (Keijl 2003). Large-scale connectivity between NW European colonies has been suggested (Fijn et al. 2014).

Références

Statistiques Carte
Nombre de données Nombre d'individus Nombre de contrôles
Données cartographiées*
Données totales disponibles
*Données cartographiées avec des contrôles >= à 50 km
Références Carte
2020 . European Breeding Bird Atlas 2: Distribution, Abundance and Change. European Bird Census Council & Lynx Edicions, BarcelonaEditor(s): Keller, V., S. Herrando, P. Voříšek, et al.
2002 . The Migration Atlas: movements of the birds of Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser, LondonEditor(s): Wernham, C.V., Toms, M.P., Marchant, J.H., Clark, J.A., Siriwardena, G.M., Baillie, S.R.
Fijn, R. C., Wolf, P., Courtens, W., Verstraete, H.,. Stienen, E. W. M, Iliszko, L. & Poot, M. J. M.2014 . Post-breeding prospecting trips of adult Sandwich Terns Thalasseus sandvicensis. Bird Study 61: 566–571
Møller, A. P.1981 . The migration of European Sandwich Tems Sterna s. sandvicensis. II. Vogelwarte 31: 149–168
Møller, A. P.1981 . The migration of European Sandwich Tems Sterna s. sandvicensis. I. Vogelwarte 31: 74–94
Popov, D., Kirov, D., Zhelev, P.2012 . Results from Marking of Sandwich Terns (Sterna sandvicensis) with Colour Rings and Radio Transmitters at Pomorie Lake. Acta zoologica bulgarica : 147–154
Shealer, D., J. S. Liechty, A. R. Pierce, P. Pyle, and M. A. Patten2020 . Sandwich Tern (Thalasseus sandvicensis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.santer1.01) Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA
Tree, A. J. 2011 . Origins, occurrence and movements of Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis in southern Africa. Marine Ornithology 39: 173–181

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Michele Mendi

Small tern breeding solitary or colonially in a wide variety of flat and open habitats in coastal and inland areas, increasingly on roofs. Breeds patchily in most of Europe, also Asia and N America.  Strongly migratory, European population wintering mainly along coasts of Africa, bays, harbours, lakes and rivers. Geolocators revealed offshore wintering at upwelling seas of W Africa is common (Becker et al. 2016). Large variation in migratory strategies among individuals, but high repeatability within (Kürten, et al. 2022). European population 316,000-605,000 breeding pairs, increasing.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendUnknown
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		881000-1430000,1120000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Carte

Connectivité globale pour Sterne pierregarin

Movements mainly N-S, with connectivity from breeding to wintering areas in W Africa (Senegal to Ghana), and S Africa (Namibia to S Africa). Birds from NW Europe predominantly winter W Africa with just 2% in S Africa, of W European birds c.20% winters S Africa, of birds from N and C Europe c.50% winters S Africa, E European birds all winter in S, and some E Africa, but latter common based on geolocators even for C European birds (Kralj et al. 2020). Indication for leapfrog migration; birds from Finland move longest and winter predominantly in S Africa, birds from SW and SC Europe more often found in W Africa N to Mauretania. Birds from Azores connect to E Brazil and Argentina. Otherwise, few connections to both N and S America, 3 birds reached Australia, 2 India.

Contrôles par Condition for Sterne pierregarin

More than three fifth of all re-encounters are ringing recoveries or birds otherwise identified, e.g. rings being read in the field, especially after 1990 and predominantly in W Europe, especially the Netherlands and Belgium where many colour-ringing projects. Dead birds make up 30% of total, occurring equally across entire range. Although common terns are long lived, mortality during the first two years of life, between fledging and first breeding exceeds 50% and is strongly related to fledging body mass (Braasch et al. 2009). Among dead birds, 6% of total was shot or intentionally taken, especially in Denmark, France, Spain and W Africa, but after 1990 only 1% of total was.

Annual Movements for Sterne pierregarin

From mid Nov to begin Apr all recoveries are in Africa S of Sahara, then rapid Northward spread; Mid Apr concentration in Netherlands, few elsewhere in Europe, begin May concentrations in British Isles, Netherlands, Germany, few Baltic, end May all breeding sites filled, concentrations in Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, E Germany along Elbe SE to C Europe, Baltic, Finland, Black Sea and Azores. Distribution remains stable until end Jul. Quite some birds remain in Africa during summer. Begin Aug birds appear at coasts of France and Iberia, end Aug increase in W Africa. Finland and inland C Europe vacated begin Sep. Mid Sep birds leave Scotland, mid Oct birds become sparse in Europe, begin Nov very few left, mainly Netherlands. Winter encounters are odd birds, possibly long dead.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Sterne pierregarin

Connections in Nov-Mar few and local in all regions. Breeders (Jun-Jul) in NW, W Europe connect to W and, fewer, S Africa Sep-Feb, immatures also Mar-Jul. Birds passing in May and Aug-Sep strongly connected to Fennoscandia in Jun-Aug. Breeders (May-Jul) in C and N Europe connect to W, SW Europe Aug-Oct; W, S Africa Oct-Jan. Fewer C European breeders to Black Sea Aug-Sep, M East, E Africa in Oct-Apr (imm. Jun-Jul). E European breeders (Jun-Jul) connect to S Africa Nov-Mar, few M East, E Africa Jan-May. Passage Mar-May and Aug-Oct in SW Europe connects to NW, W, C and N Europe in Jun-Jul, local breeders Jun-Jul to S America (from Azores) and W Africa mainly in Jan. Connections from ‘other regions’ best reveal full wintering range and extent to which immature birds remain there May-Aug.

Références

Statistiques Carte
Nombre de données Nombre d'individus Nombre de contrôles
Données cartographiées*
Données totales disponibles
*Données cartographiées avec des contrôles >= à 50 km
Références Carte
Becker, P.H., Schmaljohann, H., Riechert, J., Wagenknecht, G., Zajková, Z., González-Solís, J.2016 . Common Terns on the East Atlantic Flyway: temporal–spatial distribution during the non-breeding period. Journal of Ornithology 157 Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-016-1346-2) : 927–940
Braasch, A., Schauroth, C., Becker, P.H.2009 . Post-fledging body mass as a determinant of subadult survival in Common Terns Sterna hirundo. Journal of Ornithology 150 Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-008-0362-2) : 401–407
Kralj, J., Martinović, M., Jurinović, L., Szinai, P., Sütő, S., Preiszner, B.2020 . Geolocator study reveals east African migration route of Central European Common Terns. Avian Research 11 Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40657-020-00191-z)
Kürten, N., Schmaljohann, H., Bichet, C., Haest, B., Vedder, O., González-Solís, J., Bouwhuis, S.2022 . High individual repeatability of the migratory behaviour of a long-distance migratory seabird. Movement Ecology 10 Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-022-00303-y)

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Michele Mendi

Grey Heron is widely distributed throughout much of the Old World, in Europe, Africa and Asia, but absent in the boreal region and deserts(BirdLife International 2021). Migratory behaviour varies from resident to partial migrant or migratory (Voisin 1991) with a cline of increasing migration to the N and E. 

Season of assessment

B

Population trendDecreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		492000-700000,583000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Carte

Connectivité globale pour Héron cendré

Movement patterns vary from ‘local’ dispersal of up to some hundreds of km to true migrations, of up to >6000 km (though most movements <2000 km). Migration is more common N and E populations, even also at more regional levels (Manikowska-Slepowronska et al. 2018). Overall, migration takes places along a NE-SW axis, up to N Africa and the Sahelian belt in W Africa, up to Tchad and Congo Republic. Populations from E and C Europe winter from C and W Europe to N and W Africa; some kind of parallel migration patterns, especially seen in Africa, to a lesser extent in Europe (Campos et al. 2001). N European Grey Herons overwinter mostly from the British Isles to C and W Europe, with some birds found in N and W Africa. Wintering in Iceland has also been reported, particularly of birds ringed in Norway. Birds from the British Isles and W/SW Europe are geerally resident (Campos et al. 2001, Wernham et al. 2002), but with some NE-SW movements as far as Africa. Recoveries in SC/SE Europe are mostly due to the C-European population which migrate on a N-S axis.

Contrôles par Condition for Héron cendré

Currently, around half of the recoveries are of birds seen alive and identified from leg ring(s) or other marks. Before 1960, a remarkable proportion of recoveries were of shot birds (>45%). During 1961-1990, this source of recoveries fell to 26%, though most birds were still found dead. Currently, 44% of the birds are found dead or sick/wounded, with far fewer shot birds (<5%).

Annual Movements for Héron cendré

Post-natal/-breeding dispersal/migration seems to start as early as Jul, when recoveries in Africa not due to summering birds are found. The bulk of migration is detected, however, from late Aug to Oct. Return to breeding grounds seen from Feb, up to Apr. In May, virtually all birds at their breeding sites, except subadult non-breeders, that can remain in their wintering areas or somewhere between these and their future breeding grounds. Recoveries in W Africa exceptional from late Apr onwards.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Héron cendré

Excluding resident birds, most European populations seem to have a similar migration pattern, with first movements in Jul-Aug, following a NE-SW axis, so giving rise to some degree of connectivity, although with high overlap in W/SW Europe and in W Africa, where birds coming from W to C and E Europe overwinter together (Zwarts et al. 2009). Migration from the wintering areas starts in Feb but mostly occurs in Mar-Apr in N European birds. By May, all birds are on their breeding grounds, unless they are non-breeders. Summering in W Africa has been reported, especially for the C and N populations.

Références

Statistiques Carte
Nombre de données Nombre d'individus Nombre de contrôles
Données cartographiées*
Données totales disponibles
*Données cartographiées avec des contrôles >= à 50 km
Références Carte
2002 . The Migration Atlas: movements of the birds of Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser, LondonEditor(s): Wernham, C.V., Toms, M.P., Marchant, J.H., Clark, J.A., Siriwardena, G.M., Baillie, S.R.
BirdLife International 2021 . Species factsheet: Ardea cinerea.
Campos, F., Fernández-Cruz, M., Prósper, J.2001 . Movements of Grey Herons Ardea cinerea to and within the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands. Ardeola 48: 209–215
Manikowska-Ślepowrońska, B., Mokwa, T., Jakubas, D. 2018 . Wintering and Stop-Over Areas of Grey Herons (Ardea cinerea) Breeding in Central Europe: A Ring-Recovery Analysis. Annales Zoologici Fennici 55: 277–285
Voisin, C.1991 . The Herons of Europe. T & A D Poyser, London
Zwarts, L., Bijlsma, R. G., van der Kamp, J., Wymenga, E. 2009 . Living on the edge: Wetlands and birds in a changing Sahel. KNNV Publishing, Zeist

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Vincent van der Spek

Medium-sized passerine, feeds on seeds, berries, and (in summer) invertebrates, especially Lepidoptera larvae and beetles (Coleoptera); in winter quarters specializes in beechnuts Fagus sylvatica. Breeds across boreal and subarctic zones of west Palearctic, in the more open birch Betula woods, and in mixed forests of birch and conifers. Winters in Europe from S Sweden to N Morocco and from UK to Turkey and Georgia. The population trend appears to be decreasing, but not sufficiently rapid to approach the thresholds for Vulnerable. A medium distance migrant. Extent of movement is strongly dependent on food availability; local concentrations of millions of birds occur in south-central Europe.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendDecreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		14000000-26000000,19500000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Carte

Connectivité globale pour Pinson du Nord

Predominant direction of movement of Fennoscandian birds is NE - SW, with many connections with the Low countries, but also UK, C and S Europe. From the UK, movements are predominantly NW - SE, with connections with the Low countries, S and SE Europe. Birds from W Europe move mainly in NE - SW direction with connections with SW Europe and one in N Africa. Also movements in NW - SE directions with connections with C, S and SE Europe and one in Georgia. Birds from E Europe move mainly in NE - SW direction; most connections with C Europe but also with W and SW Europe. C Europe has connections with Georgia.

Contrôles par Condition for Pinson du Nord

Until 1987 annual number of encounters fluctuated around 700, only 1976 was much better with 1531 encounters. After 1987 six years followed with lower numbers between 158 and 531. From 1994 to 2002 numbers increased to the same level as before 1987. After 2002 average numbers  increased to around 2000, but with big fluctuations between 672 (2007) and 4005 (2006).
Most encounters are in January, then the numbers decrease gradually from February to May. In fall the peak is between 8 October and 7 November, followed by a second peak in December.
Before 1960 about 38% of recoveries were dead birds, between 1960 and 1990 this percentage was still relatively high with 30%. After 1990 about 3% concerned dead birds.

Annual Movements for Pinson du Nord

In Nov - Dec the hotspots are in the Low Countries and N Italy. Other encounters are spread over S Fennoscandia, UK, SW and C Europe and around the Black Sea. In Jan the hotspot in N Italy is gone and concentrations appear in S and SW France, Switzerland, and UK. In Feb only the hotspots in Switzerland and the Low Countries remain, few birds in S Europe and N Africa. In Mar - Apr birds move north, few birds left in France and C Europe. Birds move to Fennoscandia but still many birds in Low Countries and UK. In May most birds arrived in their breeding areas. From May - Aug few birds stay in the Low Countries, C Europe and N Italy. In Sep the first migrants arrive in UK, W and S Europe. In Oct birds have left N Fennoscandia and the hotspots in the Low Countries and N Italy build up.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Pinson du Nord

Birds from Fennoscandia are found in Lithuania in October and from October - March in the UK and W and S Europe. From January - March there are recoveries in Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia and Georgia. In September a bird was reported in Iceland. Birds ringed in the UK were found in Ireland, the Low Countries, France, N Italy and N Spain from October - March. Eastern Europan birds are reported in the Low Countries, Germany, Switzerland, France and N Italy from October - March. From December - February there are recoveries in Hongary and Czechia. Birds from W Europe are found in Iberia from November - March and in February in Morocco and Malta. Other birds moved to N Italy and were reported from August - February and more easterly in Romania, Bulgary and Georgia from December - March.

Références

Statistiques Carte
Nombre de données Nombre d'individus Nombre de contrôles
Données cartographiées*
Données totales disponibles
*Données cartographiées avec des contrôles >= à 50 km

Michele Mendi

This reedbed passerine has an extended mid-latitudes distribution across Eurasia, highly fragmented in Europe, ranging from Spain (Peiró 2013) to southern Finland. Mostly resident in the south, some short-distance movements in the north. Tightly linked to Phragmites reedbeds across its range.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendIncreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		343000-783000,496000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Carte

Connectivité globale pour Panure à moustaches

There are thousands of ring re-encounters further than 50 km from the ringing site, though most of them obtained within a few hundred kilometres, also few up to 900 km. So the bearded tit is clearly a dispersive species (Axell 1966), with sometimes some movements at longer distances, along a classical north-east to south-west direction, though tits hardly move from one region to another. There are however some movements between the British Isles and the continent, or between southern Fennoscandia and Central Europe (Horˇák et al. 2003).

Contrôles par Condition for Panure à moustaches

The few old recoveries were of dead birds, but post 1960, and even more recent data concern almost only live recoveries, with most data obtained in the 2000s.

Annual Movements for Panure à moustaches

The movements attested by long-distance ring recoveries are probably dependant on particular resource or meteorological conditions, explaining the unusual dispersion of some birds in some years at unusual distances.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Panure à moustaches

Most long-distance recoveries have been obtained in November, December and January, more rarely at the end of October, with no geographical pattern among the different regions in Europe.

Références

Statistiques Carte
Nombre de données Nombre d'individus Nombre de contrôles
Données cartographiées*
Données totales disponibles
*Données cartographiées avec des contrôles >= à 50 km
Références Carte
Axell, H. E.1966 . Eruptions of Bearded Tits during 1959–1965. British Birds 59: 513–543
Horˇák, D., Procházka, P., Cepák, J. and Zárybnický, J.2003 . Movements of Bearded Tits (Panurus biarmicus) in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Sylvia 39: 79–94
Peiró, I.G.2013 . Movements, sex-ratios, recovery rates and longevity of the Bearded Reedling Panurus biarmicus in Iberia. Ringing & Migration 28 Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03078698.2013.810855) : 50–52

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