Contrôles par Condition for Effraie des clochers

Currently protected species in Europe. Most encounters have been obtained since late 1980s. The bulk of encounters come from the breeding season (Jun-Jul) – ca. 43%, mainly juveniles have been ringed over time. W, C & NW Europe hold almost all (ca. 98% combined) of the encounters.

The encounters based on dead birds decreased over time – from 78% pre-1960 to 59% after 1991, while those based on alive birds –increased (from 19 to 40% respectively). The latter is mostly due to ringing encounters, incl. nestbox ringing which largely increased from 2% in 1961-90 to 21% after 1991. Co-existence with people produced a variety of recovery condition categories related to human activities, traffic being among the currently important negative factors (22% of all cases).

Annual Movements for Effraie des clochers

Although long-distance movements in different directions have been recorded in siblings from several nests in Czech Republic (Poprach 2010), the general diversity of dispersal directions can hardly outline possible “dispersal divide” in E part of C Europe.

Juveniles from the C & W European population are encountered during their dispersal mostly between Nov and Feb wintering in W, SW & SE Europe and even SW Russia. Some birds are encountered away from their natal places as early as Sep and as late as Apr-May.

S German population has been shown to exhibit different dispersal distances, big proportion of birds moving more than 100 km (Bairlein 1985).

Very few ringing data from S Europe, one of the species’s strongholds on the continent. The bulk of data is obtained in Germany, the Low Countries, and UK.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Effraie des clochers

n general, dispersal movements in juveniles are several times longer compared to the movements of adult birds. Juveniles from the second or late broods move faster and fly shorter distances in contrast to the first brood young (Poprach 2010).

Post-breeding dispersal in juveniles start in late summer and could last until late winter, being encountered close to their natal sites or comparatively further away. Some birds are encountered away from their natal sites as late as mid- to late spring.

Suitable habitats in certain places (Equipa Atlas 2018) and some geographical obstacles can lead to concentration of juveniles during their dispersal (Poprach 2010).

Although the sample size of distant recoveries (>=50 km) is large, most of the long-distance movements are less than 300-500 km from the place of ringing (exceptionally over 1000 km).

Contrôles par Condition for Cygne tuberculé

Large and increasing number of encounters, most after 2010. Over 80% refers to birds if which the ring was read in the field, occurring more or less equal in all areas. Few shot birds reported, nearly all of which in the Netherlands. Many ringing recoveries in Denmark and central and eastern Europe.

Annual Movements for Cygne tuberculé

No seasonal pattern detectable other than that reencounters along coasts of Mediterranean and Black Sea are largely absent during May- July and re-encounters in Finland scarce during November-February.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Cygne tuberculé

Birds breeding in central Europe during May-Sept mainly connect to sites close-by in the region in winter, except Polish breeders also wintering Slovenia and Croatia. Birds breeding in Baltic and Finland more migratory, with connections to coast of Poland, eastern Germany and Danish islands in winter. Fewer connections further W and SW to low countries, UK, France and Hungary. Birds breeding around Stockholm mainly in Denmark during winter, although some also staying year-round. Crimean breeding populations winters Evros Delta in Greece. Other populations no clear movements; UK birds sedentary year-round, birds breeding in low countries move little, but quite some moulting birds in August-September re-encountered in Denmark and Poland in all months.

Contrôles par Condition for Grive musicienne

Until 1960, 83% of the recoveries were of dead birds, including 27% shot birds. The relative importance of dead in shot birds among the recoveries has gradually declined since then.
Most song thrushes are shot in SW and S France, N and C Italy, W Mediterranean Isles, S and E Spain, Portugal and Belgium; also a lot of shot birds in N and C France, S Italy, the Balkan and N Africa.

Annual Movements for Grive musicienne

In Nov - Jan birds are concentrated in S and C UK, S Ireland, W and S Europe, W Mediterranean Isles, Iberian Peninsula and N Algeria; also Morocco, Cyprus, Balkan and few in C and E Europe. Hotspots in the Low Countries and S and C UK stay year-round. From Feb fewer birds in France, in Mar more birds in N UK, C Europe and S Scandinavia, fewer in N Africa and the Balkan. In Apr numbers in Denmark, Fennoscandia, C and E urope increase, numbers in N Africa and S Europe decrease. In May - Sep new hotspots in C Europe, Denmark and S Fennoscandia; also birds in S Europe, N Scandinavia and E Europe. In Oct new hotspots in W and S France, Switzerland and Italy; numbers in E spain, N Africa, the Balkan and around the Black Sea also increase; fewer birds in Fennoscandia, C and E Europe. Song thrushes advanced autumn migration in the Baltic (Redlisiak et al. 2018).

Connectivité par mois par région pour Grive musicienne

Fennoscandian and Danish birds mostly winter in SW and S France, S and E Spain and Balearic Isles from Sep - Apr; also UK, W Europe, N Africa and Italy in same period. UK birds are found in Ireland, SW UK and W France from Aug - Mar; also Portugal and Spain and few in the Low Countries and S Europe. Birds of the Low Countries are mostly found in W France; also S France, Spain, Portugal, S UK and few in C Europe, Italy, N Algeria and Morocco from Oct - Mar. Birds of C and E Europe are found mostly in SW and S France, E Spain and Balearic Isles; also many in Italy, Corsica, Sardegna, NW Africa, W Europe, few in the UK and one in Feb on Canary Islands (Las Palmas) from Sep - Mar. From E Europe, birds migrate to N Macedonia, Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Israël and Georgia where found from Oct - Jan.

Contrôles par Condition for Oie cendrée

The very large part of the recoveries are live re-encounters (>90%) as field observations of colour neck and leg rings. As the species is a game bird in many countries, most pre-1960 recoveries are dead or shot records, with less than 10% of alive controls, with a classical switch to a vast majority (>90%) of live recoveries after 1990, thanks to a large effort in colour marking.

Annual Movements for Oie cendrée

Populations breeding in the British Isles do not leave this region in winter, and are then joint by Icelandic birds. Birds from North Europe (Scandinavia and Finland) move towards the southwest, to winter from Denmark to Spain, with two hotspots in the Netherlands and Andalucia, and staging areas along the flyway (Anderson et al. 2001).  Birds from Central Europe move southwards, e.g. from northern to southern Germany. Tracking data of geese from Neusiedler See revealed movements to the SW to Venetia and Sardinia in Italy, and to the North far up the Elbe river in Germany (Grabenhofer et al. 2022). There are numerous tracking programs on movebank which data should be analysed simultaneously to better appreciate the sedentarity/migratory behaviour of various populations, including feral ones.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Oie cendrée

Nordic birds start to move south as early as August, though main movements occur in October, with birds reaching southern Spain in November. In spring, first northwards movements by the beginning of February, peaking in March when late birds are still in Spain. Arrival on Nordic breeding grounds mainly in April (Nilsson 2017; Nilsson and Kampe-Persson 2018). The last birds of Central Europe have joined the breeding quarters by the end of April, and start to move southwards by mid-September. In Norway, climate change is advancing spring migration by almost a week per decade since the 1970s (Pistorius et al. 2006).

Contrôles par Condition for Mésange noire

Overall, 96% of recoveries due to birds recaptured alive by ringing. Before 1960, however, almost 25% of recoveries were associated to birds found dead, sick or wounded. From 1960, however, already ca. 90% of recoveries were due to birds seen alive, many recaptures from ringing. Nowadays, the proportion of individuals found dead, sick or wounded is absolutely marginal (ca. 1%).  

Annual Movements for Mésange noire

mostly resident. Juvenile birds move more than adult ones (Gosler & Clement 2007). When moving, breeding ranges left from Aug to Nov; return back to these from Apr to May.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Mésange noire

See ‘Annual movements’.

Contrôles par Condition for Guillemot marmette

Alhtough protected in most of Europe, Guillemots are hunted legally in Iceland, the Faeroes and Greenland. Most recoveries are since the mid-1980s, primarily in Jun-Jul (~81% of total). Most recoveries are in NW (74%) and N Europe (16%). Recoveries of dead birds decreased from 84% pre-1961 to almost none after 1990, whilerecoveries of live birds increased from 4% to 83% - mostly due to recaptures, including resightings. Shooting was more important in the past - 39% of all recoveries pre-1961 (mostly in Iceland, S Norway and Denmark), and 8% in 1961-1990. Nowadays 7% of all recoveries are a result of oil spills and by-catch casualties. There are clear ringing hotspots at sites in the British Isles, Germany, Sweden and Norway and recoveries are almost all coastal.

Annual Movements for Guillemot marmette

Within Europe, post-breeding dispersal starts from late Jun (mid-latitudes) until late Jul (Barents Sea). Guillemots undergo a flightless wing-moult after the breeding season (Ainley et al. 2021). N Icelandic breeders moult (Aug-Sep) locally and off the coast of E Greenland, while they are found both locally and in the region of the Mid-Atlantic ridge SW of Iceland in winter (Linnebjerg et al. 2018). British Isles breeders are found along the Atlantic coasts from SW to N Europe mostly in Nov-Feb, but as late as Apr. Pre-breeding concentrations close to the breeding sites are usually formed in Feb (Flint & Golovkin 1989). Breeding cliffs are occupied from early Mar (British Isles; Wernham et al. 2002) to Apr (Barents Sea); in the Baltic Sea and high-latitude populations timing is dependent on sea ice.  

Strong migratory connectivity is found across the NE Atlantic (Merkel et al. 2021).

Connectivité par mois par région pour Guillemot marmette

Dispersal movements after the breeding season start in mid- to late summer. British Isles breeders are along the Atlantic coastline from the Iberian Peninsula to N Scandinavia from late autumn to early spring. Irish Sea breeders concentrate in winter in the Bay of Biscay, while those from E UK colonies disperse mostly in the North Sea (Harris et al. 2015, Dunn et al. 2020). Birds breeding in the Baltic Sea are mostly found locally duirng migration and winter, although some move towards the British Isles and Norway. The Barents Sea is an important autumn staging and wintering area for the C Norwegian population (Lorentsen & Ray 2012). Return to breeding sites is in early to mid-spring. There are few encounters of high-arctic populations.

Contrôles par Condition for Foulque macroule

Most dead recoveries come from the period 1960-1990, but the large majority are live recoveries, obtained after 2000.

Annual Movements for Foulque macroule

The movements back to the breeding grounds occur in March and are finished by early April for the North, by mid-April for the East, while birds from other regions gently shift to the NE at the end of March / beginning of April.   In autumn, the first movements are noted at the end of August, and intensify from mid-September onwards, with more arrivals to South-West Europe.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Foulque macroule

Connectivity by month is best illustrated with birds from the North and East regions. The are all back in the breeding region in very early April, with returns on distant wintering sites mainly from the first decade of October onwards. For birds of Central Europe, the shift to SW Europe and Mediterranean wintering grounds is obvious in March and September. Only birds from South-West Europe have been recovered in North Africa, in all months.

Contrôles par Condition for Verdier d’Europe

Highest majority of recoveries (ca. 80%) due to birds found alive, mostly recaptures (ring recoveries). Before 1990, however, around a half of recoveries were caused by birds found dead, sick or wounded, a pattern that clearly changed from 1991 to present, when this fraction is just less than 10%. Nowadays, more than 90% of recoveries come from birds seen alive, mostly recaptures from ringing.

Annual Movements for Verdier d’Europe

Migration in autumn patent in Oct. Migratory populations/individuals live in sympatry with resident ones in winter. Return back to breeding quarters starts in Mar, peaking in Apr. Warmer winters probably promote increasing sedentarism in populations (e.g., Stervander et al. 2005).

Connectivité par mois par région pour Verdier d’Europe

Across the Atlantic façade, N European populations show recoveries from S Scandinavia to Iberia mostly in winter, from Oct-Nov to Feb-Mar. Similar patterns for the populations from C/E Europe, though in this case recoveries from C Europe concentrate mainly in S France up to the S part of the Alps and recoveries from E Europe concentrate mostly in Italy and the W coasts of the Balkan peninsula. Recoveries in NW Africa mainly from Feb to Mar, of birds from W/SW Europe, that could however being part of flocks on passage with a further N European origin.

Contrôles par Condition for Pygargue à queue blanche

Most encounters are obtained after 1992. They come from throughout the year, mostly from Nov to Mar (74%); smallest number of birds are encountered Jul-Sep (2.5% combined). N Europe holds the bulk of encounters (86%), followed by C (11%) & E Europe (3%). The encounters based on dead birds decreased considerably over time – from 87% pre-1960 to 4% after 1991, while those based on alive birds – markedly increased from practically none pre-1960 to 95% after 1991; the latter is largely due to ringing recoveries and colour ring resightings. Shooting was responsible for a big part of all cases mainly in the past (61% pre-1960); its importance got progressively reduced in subsequent years.

Most of the distant (>=50 km) recoveries are less than 500km away, some from N & E Europe – more than 2000km.

Annual Movements for Pygargue à queue blanche

Post-breeding dispersal in C and SE European juveniles starts from Jul to mid-Nov. Overall area used during the first year of life varies largely between individuals (Cheshmedzhiev et al. 2001, Rymešová et al. 2021).

Birds breeding in N & NE Europe leave their breeding grounds Oct-Nov, juveniles usually preceding adults. Large numbers stay in winter in Finland, at least during the winter artificial feeding years (Saurola et al. 2013). Finnish birds are encountered during winter as far as Germany and Croatia in Dec-Mar. Northernmost breeding sites are occupied back in Feb-Apr.

The E Baltic countries population is generally resident, but juveniles disperse mainly SW, reaching C Europe as early as Sep; they winter from France to S European Russia mainly Oct-Mar, some remaining until Apr. C European juveniles and immatures disperse to W & Europe from Sep to Apr.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Pygargue à queue blanche

Juvenile birds are known to be more dispersive and gregarious than adults (Orta et al. 2020). Natal dispersal distances are significantly shorter in males (Whitfield et al. 2009).

N & NE European breeders migrate SW mostly mid- to late autumn, returning from late winter to mid-spring.

C European and Baltic region populations are generally sedentary but juvenile and immature birds disperse mostly SW (but also S & SE) from their breeding grounds from early autumn to mid-spring spreading between Germany and France to Italy and S Ukraine and European Russia.

A juvenile marked in Israel was encountered as an immature during the following summer on the Turkish Black Sea Coast.

Spatial distribution of the resightings of colour marked birds in N Europe biased due to observers’ effort.

Contrôles par Condition for Hirondelle de rivage

Ringed sand martins have been present since the 50s, with a growing number in the 80s and reaching 10000 encounters over the last five years. The vast majority of encounters, 95% is a result of bird ringing projects between Apr and Sep. The highest number of encounters is reported from NW Europe with the most individuals encountered in July. SC, SE and E Europe have significantly fewer ringing effort than the rest of Europe. Despite the quantity of ringed birds in Europe, only a few are being recovered in African countries. There is overall a high proportion of birds observed alive. The recoveries through dead birds come from the African continent, France and Spain. Shot birds are rare.

Annual Movements for Hirondelle de rivage

From Nov to Feb most European regions have only sporadic encounters. Many birds are reported to migrate to Sub-Saharan Africa and overwinter there in these months. From Mar, first encounters appear in the Mediterranean, birds from SW and SC Europe en route to the breeding destinations. In Apr many encounters are still concentrated in N Africa, while some birds have already reached the Mediterranean region on the way to W and C Europe. By May, birds of all regions have more or less approached their breeding destination. Peak in encounters is in Jun-Jul at the breeding sites, with localized movements. Highest number of encounters observed in the UK, W Europe and Baltic. First birds beginning autumn migration are seen already in Aug from which many reaches their wintering site in Sep.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Hirondelle de rivage

Ringing is concentrated in summer between Jun-Aug. Sand Martins breeding in N Europe are mostly encountered in Africa in Dec. Birds from NW and W have many encounters in the Mediterranean in Aug-Oct and Mar-Apr, and Dec-Mar in W Africa. SW and W European breeders, specifically from W coast of France are encountered in the UK in summer, indicating connectivity between these populations. SC breeders are not connected to UK or N/W Europe in summer, but were encountered in S Europe at migration sites. Birds in Jun-Jul in C Europe are often re-encountered within the region during breeding at short distance, indicating local dispersal. In Sep-Nov all populations move to S Europe. Birds from E/SE Europe in Jun-Jul are often encountered in the Mediterranean in spring.