Recuperaciones por condición para Autillo europeo

Protected species in Europe. Majority of encounters recorded in SW & SC Europe (ca. 94%). Most encounters (ca. 75%) obtained during spring migration and breeding season (Apr-Jul). Just couple of encounters prior to 1960. The ratio of recoveries based on dead vs alive birds changed from 37:60% for the period 1961-1990 to 10:89% after 1991. Most of the distant recoveries of birds as a result of shooting come from Italy and NW Africa. The “alive” recoveries after 1991 come exclusively from ringing (ca. 87%).

The bulk of encounters obtained after 2008.

Long-distance ring recoveries from African winter quarters S of Sahara and distant recoveries (>=50 km) from SE Europe apparently lacking.

Movimientos anuales para Autillo europeo

Spring migration in the W Mediterranean region has been recorded to last about three months, starting in early Mar, with expressed peak in mid-Apr (Barriocanal et al. 2021). Some encounters of birds during spring migration towards SW Europe exist in Morocco and Algeria from Mar-Apr. Return to the breeding grounds takes place in Mar-Apr (or even mid-May in the northernmost part of breeding range in Asia (Gavrilov et al. 1993). Post-breeding movements and start of autumn migration are visible from Aug, by the end of Oct most breeding grounds are already left. Some birds are encountered wintering (Nov-Feb) in the extreme S Europe (primarily Italy and Spain).

Conectividad por mes por región para Autillo europeo

Recent study based on ringing showed that in the W Mediterranean region most birds during spring migration move directly across the sea, choosing the shorter, more direct and faster route (Barriocanal et al. 2021). Ringing data from SW & SC Europe suggest start of migration in early spring, which continues to the end of season. Some birds are encountered on their way to SW Europe in early to mid-spring in NW Africa. Breeding sites are reached early- to mid-spring and breeding takes place until mid- to late summer. The first signs of autumn migration are in late summer. Migratory movements continue until mid-autumn, from late autumn onwards primarily wintering birds are encountered in the southernmost parts of Mediterranean Europe.

Recuperaciones por condición para Cigüeñuela común

Most encounters are obtained after the early 1990s. They are obtained mainly during the breeding season, peaking in Jun-Jul (56% in total). Majority of encounters are recorded in SC, SW & W Europe (48, 39 and 9% respectively). There are almost no recoveries before 1960. The encounters based on dead birds decreased from 35% in 1961-1990 to 4% after 1991; those based on alive birds markedly increased over time – from 61% in 1961-1990 to 95% after 1991. The latter is mostly due to ringing recoveries, and especially to colour ring resightings. Shooting was an important factor in the past (35% of all recoveries between 1961 and 1990); it is currently responsible for less than 1% of all cases.

Ringing recovery data from SE & E Europe are almost lacking.

Movimientos anuales para Cigüeñuela común

Post-breeding dispersal and autumn migration in W European birds start in Aug, with encounters in France and Spain until Oct; records from the wintering sites further S exist from Morocco (Jan) and W Africa (Senegal, Dec & Feb). Birds from the SW breeding population are encountered in NW Africa (Morocco) as early as Sep, N Africa (Tunisia) – in Oct, and W Africa (Senegal, Mali) as early as Sep but most encounters from Nov-Feb. Some birds ringed in France and Iberian Peninsula are encountered in spring (Mar-Apr) migrating through C & E Mediterranean. C European breeders are encountered in Aug in Italy.

Spring migration of the SC European population (Italy) is also Mar-Apr, with encounters mainly from C & W Mediterranean; a possibly wintering bird from Tunisia (Jan) has also been recorded.

Conectividad por mes por región para Cigüeñuela común

Dispersal and autumn migratory movements begin as early as late summer. Birds breeding in W & SW Europe are encountered on the continent mostly until mid-autumn, the African wintering grounds are reached from early autumn (even W Africa) but most encounters are from late autumn to late winter. Winter site-fidelity has been found in a bird marked as juvenile in France and encountered twice, in different years in Mauritania (Yésou et al. 1995). Current departure in autumn of the Hungarian breeders is much later compared to the 1980s (Pigniczki et al. 2019). Apart from C & W Mediterranean, birds breeding in Italy are encountered in S Turkey in late autumn and winter. Return migration starts in early spring and by mid-spring most breeding sites are already reached.

The species shows high dispersal potential, especially during dry springs (Figuerola 2007).

Recuperaciones por condición para Serreta grande

Game species in Fennoscandia, Denmark, Iceland, and Russia. Most encounters obtained during the breeding season in late spring and early summer – ca. 65% in May-Jun. In total, the encounters based on alive birds form about 62% of all cases; however, their share fluctuates from 12% pre-1960s, about half (ca. 52%) during 1961-1990 to ca. 77% after 1991. Inversely, the share of recoveries based on dead birds largely decreased from about 74% before 1960 to ca. 21% after 1991. Shooting’s share dropped from ca. 56% of all cases pre-1960 to ca. 6% after 1991.

Drowning in fishing nets can be an important negative factor – ca. 10% pre-1960, 4.5% after 1991 (39% of all dead birds in Finland) (Saurola et al. 2013).

Most encounters obtained between 1975 and 2000, mainly in N Europe (ca. 76%).

Movimientos anuales para Serreta grande

The species undergoes a flightless wing-moulting period in late summer and autumn (Aug-Sep), either moving large distances to secluded moulting/staging sites (mostly males) or staying on/ close to the breeding grounds (Pearce et al. 2020). Tana River mouth and adjacent fjords in N Norway are considered the most important moulting site in Europe – biggest concentrations recorded in Sep (Wernham et al. 2002). The number of birds wintering in the Black Sea region increases from mid-Oct to mid-Dec (Scott, Rose, 1996). Birds breeding in N Europe overwinter mostly in the coastal waters of Baltic and North Seas, which are considered species’ main wintering areas in Europe. Return movements are evident from Jan to Mar and the breeding sites are occupied in Apr-May. Breeding sites in W & C Europe are usually reached back in Mar. Cases of abmigration are known (Bairlein et al. 2014).

Conectividad por mes por región para Serreta grande

Post-breeding movements of the birds breeding in Fennoscandia and NW Russia start in late summer; they are later on encountered from mid-autumn until mid-winter or early spring (depending on the season) primarily in the region of Baltic and North Seas. Few birds move S to the Black Sea. Local breeders on the British Isles take short within-region movements for wintering; most males undertake long-distance moult migration in late summer and early autumn to N Norway where they form big concentrations joining other males originating from Fennoscandia and Russia. They are back on British waters in late autumn – early winter.

Most wintering sites are left by mid-spring. Breeding sites in W & C Europe are reached back in early spring, while those in N Europe – in mid- or late spring.

Recuperaciones por condición para Pardillo Ártico

Overall, most recoveries due to ringing (96%). No data before 1960. During the 1961-1990 time period, 92% of recoveries due to ringing activities. From 1991 to present, 97% of recoveries are due to ringing.

Movimientos anuales para Pardillo Ártico

Movements to S Scandinavia from Aug to Oct. Outstanding recovery of an individual ringed in Sweden in Oct, then shot in N of Kazakhstan in Dec. Spring movements back to breeding quarters from Feb to Mar (Clement 2010).

Conectividad por mes por región para Pardillo Ártico

See ‘Annual movements’.

Recuperaciones por condición para Halcón de Eleonora

Most encounters are obtained after 2005. They come mainly from the species’ delayed breeding season – peaking in Sep (65%). Majority of encounters are recorded in SW, SE & E Europe – 90% (68, 18 and 4% respectively). Just two marked birds have been encountered prior to 1960, one of them shot.  The encounters based on dead birds decreased from 89% in 1961-1990 to 16% after 1991; those based on alive birds markedly increased over time – from 11% to 82% respectively. The latter is mostly due to ringing recoveries, including colour ring resightings. Shooting was responsible for 37% of all encounters in 1961-1990 but it almost disappeared as a source of recoveries after 1991 (less than 1% of all cases).

Some of the distant (>=50 km) recoveries are more than 8000km away from the ringing site.

Movimientos anuales para Halcón de Eleonora

Birds breeding in the Canary Is and the Mediterranean are encountered at their wintering grounds in Madagascar and adjacent regions of the Indian Ocean in Nov-Jan. The pre-migratory movements are typical for the species, with encounters in Jun-Aug away from the breeding sites, often farther inland (Spain, Morocco, Turkish Black Sea Coast).

A number of tracking studies revealed species’ migration patterns – both spatial and temporal, in detail. Departure time is rather consistent across the populations and it is usually in Oct.

The routes go through W, C or E Sahara, then the Sahel zone, and after passing through W and/ or E Africa they reach their wintering grounds in Madagascar from late Nov to early Jan (adults usually precede juveniles). Return migration starts in Apr, rarely early May (Gschweng et al. 2008, Lopez-Lopez 2021, Lopez-Lopez et al. 2009, Kassara et al. 2017, Mellone et al. 2013b).

Conectividad por mes por región para Halcón de Eleonora

Mediterranean and Canary Is breeders are encountered wintering in Madagascar (and the region) from late autumn to mid-winter. The species shows strong winter site-fidelity in Madagascar (Kassara et al. 2017).

The species is known to perform pre-migratory inland movements, taking advantage of high densities of insects, up to hundreds of kilometres from the breeding colonies, like in Spain (Mellone et al. 2013a) and Bulgaria (Iankov & Nikolov 2015). Some of the available summer encounters (Spain, Morocco, Turkey) suggest such movements.

Movements of marked birds from the Canary Is population across the Sahel zone were strongly associated to the Inter-tropical Front position in autumn, but were more individually variable in spring (Vansteelant et al. 2021).

Distant (>=50 km) ringing encounters are generally limited in number.

Recuperaciones por condición para Porrón pardo

Before 1990, recoveries are of very scarce (roughly between 0 and 5 per year), and concern almost only dead birds. Since 2012, colour marking of wild and released individuals increased dramatically the number of recoveries, which concern 94% of live birds. This huge discrepancy between numbers and condition indicate that most information coming from ringing recoveries concern recent times and live birds.

Movimientos anuales para Porrón pardo

The first post-breeding movements are noted in July, for example from Central Europe to the SW and SE. However, most movements to southern wintering grounds are occurring in October and November, the southernmost wintering recoveries, along the Mediterranean, being obtained from December to February. The spring migration peaks in late April in Siberia, while it peaks at mid-September in autumn (Tucakov 2005).

Conectividad por mes por región para Porrón pardo

Birds from Central Europe, including Germany, are present year-round in the region, though some are moving to the SW, with most recoveries e.g. in France from October to March. These movers are back on breeding grounds in April.

Recuperaciones por condición para Camachuelo picogrueso

Overall, most recoveries (88%) are due to birds seen alive, identified by ringing activities. The proportion of dead recoveries, overall, represent 10%, and are due to birds found dead (other than shot), sick or wouinded. The recovery condition category distribution had a great change over time. Before 1960, there were no recoveries of birds seen alive. In 1961-1990 ringing recoveries already represented 77%, and from 1991 to present these recoveries reach up to 90% of the total.

Movimientos anuales para Camachuelo picogrueso

Pine Grosbeak has a sedentary or partially migratory life strategy. Depending on the year, just a few birds leave breeding ranges, while in other years whole populations may move hundreds of km (95% of recorded distances <750 km), caused by food shortage. Departure from breeding quarters late Sep-Oct, and return to breeding sites from late Feb to Mar (Clement 2010).No mapped data available from Jul to Sep.

Conectividad por mes por región para Camachuelo picogrueso

See ‘Annual movements’.

Recuperaciones por condición para Grulla damisela

Most encounters are obtained after 2000. They come mainly from Jul – ca. 42%. Most encounters in late Jun and Jul are based primarily on juveniles. The overall sample size of recoveries after 1991 is 17 – in 41% of them the metal ring was read in the field, 29% belonged to the category “bird found”, 24% - to ringing encounters and in one case (ca. 6%) a bird was found shot. Shooting is responsible for a single encounter in mid-1980s close to the Caspian Sea in S European Russia.

The sample of ringing encounters based on the European population is extremely small.

Movimientos anuales para Grulla damisela

Tracking data only are available to show the species’ long-distance movements in S-SW direction to its African wintering grounds.

Birds breeding in the Azov/ Black Sea region start their migration in late Aug. After crossing the Black Sea and Asia they fly over the E Mediterranean, Egypt and finally reach their wintering grounds in C Chad in early Sep. Spring migration starts early Mar, Nile River Delta is an important stopover on the way back (mid- to late Mar). Some birds stopover in Cyprus (mid-Mar), Asia Minor is crossed between late Mar and late Apr, and the breeding sites are reached as early as late Mar (Andryuschenko et al. (Movebank data).  

Caspian Sea Lowland breeders migrate first S, crossing the Caucasus, then continue via Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Red Sea and finally reach their wintering grounds in E Sudan (Ilyashenko et al. (Movebank data).

Conectividad por mes por región para Grulla damisela

Autumn migration in the Azov/ Black Sea region population begins in late summer. The birds fly S over the Black Sea, some of them use stopovers in C Asia Minor. The birds cross the E Mediterranean and via Egypt finally reach the wintering sites in C Chad in early autumn where they stay until early spring. In spring, most birds are located in the E Mediterranean region and Asia Minor early to mid-spring. Breeding sites are occupied mostly in mid-spring (Andryuschenko et al. (Movebank data).

A secondary migratory route used by this population passes along the W coast of Black Sea (Ilyashenko 2019).

Birds breeding in the Caspian Sea Lowland take S routes over the Caucasus, passing through the E Turkey/ NW Iran region and reaching C Iraq where they turn SW. They continue via Saudi Arabia and Red Sea to their wintering sites in E Sudan (Ilyashenko et al. (Movebank data).

Recuperaciones por condición para Pagaza piconegra

Unlike many other species, ringing started early in the 20th century, in late 1920s. Since then, the numbers of encounters fluctuated, the largest “wave” started after 2000. Most encounters are obtained during the breeding season, peaking in Jun-Aug (78% in total). The bulk of encounters come from SW, N & W Europe holding 34, 24 & 15% respectively. The encounters based on dead birds decreased over time: from 90% pre-1960 to 39% after 1991; those based on alive birds considerably increased from 7% before 1960 to 60% after 1991. The latter is mostly due to ringing recoveries, and especially to colour ring resightings; nowadays about 4% of the resightings come from metal ring readings in the field. Shooting as а factor has been reduced from 42% pre-1960 to ca. 1% after 1991.

Movimientos anuales para Pagaza piconegra

Juveniles from the small breeding population around the North Sea (Germany, Denmark) disperse mainly SW, with encounters as early as Aug in W Europe and the W Mediterranean. Autumn migration is more prominent in Sep. Encounters from W Africa exist from Nov-Feb. Most spring records (Apr-May) are from Italy. The abnormal vagrancy to Barbados has been recorded in late Sep.

Similarly, post-breeding dispersal in the Iberian Peninsula breeders starts in Aug (encounters locally or in NW Africa); wintering records exist from in W Africa (Dec-Feb) & NW Africa (Feb), and return movements in Mar (Algeria).

Birds breeding in the N Black Sea region are encountered in Aug in Romania and some of them reach Spain in early Sep (Ilichev, Zubakin, 1988). Spring migration takes place mainly in Apr.

Conectividad por mes por región para Pagaza piconegra

Dispersal movements after the breeding season start in late summer, migratory movements being more evident in early autumn. By early or mid-autumn most North Sea region breeders have already dispersed in W Europe and W Mediterranean. Encounters from the wintering grounds in W Africa of both W & SW European breeding populations exist between late autumn and late winter. Danish birds – during their first three years, roam away from their natal colonies, mostly in S Europe (Bønløkke et al. 2006).

N Black Sea region breeders are encountered wintering in W Africa (Senegal, Mali), as well as Caucasian Black Sea Coast (Ilichev, Zubakin, 1988). In general, the species is rarely encountered in winter in S Europe. Return migration is mostly in mid-spring.

Long-distance recoveries connecting SE Europe with African wintering grounds are scarce.

Recuperaciones por condición para Negrón especulado

There is a large majority of live ring recovery, as the species is largely wintering at sea and not hunted in most countries. Shot recoveries still represent over 10% in recent time. So most information comes from live recoveries obtained during June-July in the North, and before 2000.

Movimientos anuales para Negrón especulado

Tracking data illustrate some late winter movements in the Baltic Sea, with a short northeast shift between February and April. It is however difficult to time and describe precisely the movements along the year from ringing data because of the paucity of winter recoveries, but the general progress of migration is described above, and major connectivities too. The phenology of the autumn migration has changed, with a delay since the 1970s (Lehikoinen and Jaatinen 2012). More efforts are needed to document the migration strategy of Siberian and Caucasian populations, especially given the bad conservation status of the species.

Conectividad por mes por región para Negrón especulado

Atlantic wintering sites are still occupied in March, but in April Nordic birds have moved to seas around Denmark, before moving to their breeding grounds in May. Estonian breeders are mainly resighted in June and have left by September, providing few winter recoveries mostly at coasts between southern Sweden and eastern Denmark. Siberian breeders tracked with GPS left the Baltic states around mid-May, arriving on the breeding grounds in early June, to leave in July and move to moulting areas in the Pechora sea, where they can stay until October, though some birds were back in the Baltic by early October (Žydelis et al. 2022).