Recuperaciones por condición para Guión de codornices

There is a huge switch from mostly dead recoveries (>80%) before 1960 to nearly 90% of live recoveries after 1990, corresponding also to a huge increase in recovery numbers (after 1995).

Movimientos anuales para Guión de codornices

The returns on breeding sites is visible from early May onwards, though singers continue to move in in June. The dispersal of the species is original, with some movements along the breeding season among suitable sites, often at distances above 50 km, hence the large amount of recoveries within a few hundred kilometres from the ringing site. Movements of British birds are attested by recoveries in adjacent France in August, while migration further south occurs mainly in September (Donaghy et al. 2011). Otherwise, there are some recoveries in the wintering sites, at distances of 6000-7000 km. The migration route is obviously via the eastern Mediterranean, to enter Africa mostly in Egypt, then moving south along the Nile valley. The species certainly suffers a high mortality at poaching sites in northern Egypt.

Conectividad por mes por región para Guión de codornices

In spring, records in South-East Europe and the Middle East are from mid-March to mid-April. In autumn, recoveries of northern and eastern birds in the same stopover regions are from the very end of August and until the end of October. As an example, British birds have been recovered in France mainly between mid-August and mid-September, while the few recoveries from Cyprus and Egypt are from early October.

Recuperaciones por condición para Alondra totovía

Despite the species being no game bird, there are numerous dead recoveries of birds shot, though this changed after 1990 to nearly 90% of live recoveries, which constitutes the main data flow analysed here. Dead recoveries are from Spain, France and Italy.

Movimientos anuales para Alondra totovía

In South Finland, autumn migration occurs from the second decade of September to the end of October, with a peak at the shift between the two months (‘Lindén and Mäntyniemi 2011’). For the tagged Dutch birds, autumn migration lasted on average three weeks, spring migration two weeks (‘Zomer 2016’) The distance to the wintering grounds was roughly 800 kilometres, which is quite similar to the second peak of ringing recovery distances, but most ringing recoveries are at shorter distances, so probably obtained during movements or from more southern and more sedentary populations.

Conectividad por mes por región para Alondra totovía

Woodlarks of Central Europe are back in their region by April. Birds from southern Sweden and Finland have been recovered mainly in October in West Europe, so were probably still on move to further southern wintering destinations. Recoveries in West Europe, especially in north-western France, are mainly obtained in winter months, while recoveries in the South-West region are mainly dead recoveries obtained in October and November, representing captures by hunters during active movements, probably close to the wintering grounds. As a consequence, monthly connectivity is hardly assessed beyond the general patterns described here.

Recuperaciones por condición para Charrán rosado

Ringing started in mid-20th century, but most encounters are from the late 1980s and the early 1990s and are mainly in the breeding season - 79% in Jun-Aug (52% in Jul alone). The majority of encounters (77%) are in NW Europe. The percentage of dead recoveries has decreased over time - from 90% pre-1961 to 16% from 1991; with live recoveries increasing from 7% pre-1961 to 81% since1991. The latter is mostly due to recaptures, particularly to metal ring readings in the field; only 4% are colour-mark encounters. Before 1961 37% of recoveries were of shot birds, but there are now almost none. Birds have been locally trapped in W Africa for sport, food and income by boys using baited hooks or nooses (Wernham et al. 2002).

Movimientos anuales para Charrán rosado

Post-breeding dispersal in the British Isles breeding population starts in Aug. A number of recoveires from Sep-Oct are spread along the Atlantic coastline of W & SW Europe, as well as W Africa. Numerous recoveries show that birds are mostly in Ghana, Togo and the Ivory Coast in winter. Birds return to the breeding grounds as early as May. Most first-year birds remain in W Africa during the summer, while many second-year birds return to their European colonies in Jun-Jul, but rarely breed (Wernham et al. 2002). The transatlantic encounters relate both to the breeding season (Jul) - North America, and winter (Jan) - Brazil. Birds from the Azores breeding population winter in the same region of the Gulf of Guinea (Oct-Jan); return movements are marked by recoveries in Apr in Senegal and the Canaries.

Conectividad por mes por región para Charrán rosado

Dispersal movements after the breeding season in NW & W Europe are evident from late summer. Numerous encounters along the coast of France, the Iberian Peninsula and W Africa (incl. the Canary Islands) in early to mid-autumn indicate the migratory route towards the wintering grounds in the Gulf of Guinea. The latter are shared with most of the birds originating from the Azores. Return movements take place mostly mid- to late spring. A few recoveries from E Brazil in winter show that some birds breeding in the Azores, and a few British Isles breeders cross the Atlantic. Upwelling systems along the W Africa coast are vital for migratory staging, particularly on the slower return migration (Redfern et al. 2020).

Recuperaciones por condición para Cernícalo primilla

The bulk of encounters are obtained after the early 1990s. They come from mainly from the breeding season, peaking in Jun (39% of all cases). Majority of encounters (88%) are recorded in SW Europe. The overall picture regarding the recovery condition categories did not change much until 1990 – 79-88% of the encounters are based on dead birds vs. 8-12% based on alive birds. The situation after 1991 significantly improved with figures 21 and 78% respectively. Shooting was an important factor until recently – 31-46% pre-1990; nowadays it accounts for less than 1% of all cases. Most encounters currently come from alive birds due to ringing, including nestboxes (2.6% of all cases) and metal rings read in the field.

Very few distant (>= 50km) ringing encounters S of Sahara are available.

Movimientos anuales para Cernícalo primilla

Post-breeding movements take place from early Aug, autumn migration in S Europe is evident early Aug to early Oct; spring migration is in Mar-May (peak in Apr).

Strong migratory connectivity has been found in the European populations which migrate on a broad front using different routes across the Mediterranean and Sahara: SW European breeders migrate to W Sahel (Senegal, Mauritania, W Mali), those from the Balkan Peninsula – chiefly to CE Sahel (Niger, Nigeria, Chad), whereas the Italian population spreads from E Mali to Nigeria (Sarà et al. 2019).

Autumn migration in tracked birds from SW Europe starts late Sep to late Oct, the wintering grounds in W Sahel are reached late Sep to early Nov. Spring migration starts early Feb to mid-Mar. Unlike autumn, on their way back the Strait of Gibraltar is mainly used (Catry et al. 2011, Limiñana et al. 2012).

Conectividad por mes por región para Cernícalo primilla

After the breeding season pre-migratory movements take place, starting usually in late summer and sometimes – N from the breeding sites. At this time of the year, the species is known to form pre-migratory roosting concentrations (Sarà​ et al. 2014, Zhelev et al. 2016). Autumn migration itself takes place from late summer to mid-autumn.

Return migration is usually initiated in early spring and it could last until late spring.

The birds spend about 5.5-6 months in their wintering grounds. Those breeding in SE Europe take longest journeys, followed by the Italian breeders and the population from the Iberian Peninsula (Sarà et al. 2019).

Although the species is known to migrate generally on a broad front, differences between spring and autumn have been suggested locally: in Greece birds seem to migrate on a narrower front in autumn compared to spring (Bounas et al. 2016).

Recuperaciones por condición para Búho campestre

Currently protected species in Europe. N Europe holds the bulk of encounters (ca. 45%), considerable amount of them also in NW, W & C Europe (49% combined). The encounters mainly come from May-Jul – ca. 53%, most ringed birds are juveniles.

The encounters based on dead birds kept their share stable until 1991 (86-88%), then decreased to 53% after 1991. Those obtained due to shooting markedly decreased over time – from 35% pre-1960 to 2% after 1991. The encounters based on alive birds considerably increased from ca. 3% pre-1960 to 44%, mostly due to ringing encounters. Traffic is among the currently important negative factors (17% of all cases).

Movimientos anuales para Búho campestre

Post-breeding movements of the birds breeding in Fennoscandia and adjacent regions start in Aug and last until late Oct; their wintering grounds in W & SW Europe, as well as Mediterranean region, are reached as early as Aug-Sep, but in most cases – in Oct-Nov. Return movements to the breeding sites take place in Mar-Apr, lasting until May in the northernmost populations; some encounters of birds still present in mid-May on their Mediterranean wintering grounds indicate late migration.

A juvenile marked in Jul in Iceland has been encountered in UK in late Oct the same year.

A breeding female was satellite tracked from Scotland via SW UK (early Nov) to cross the English Channel (ca. 500 km) in just six hours, then W France, Gibraltar (late Nov) and finally reaching Morocco where overwintered (BTO 2021).

Conectividad por mes por región para Búho campestre

Populations fluctuate in response to prey availability, hence nomadism in search of food, migration, and juvenile dispersal may be confused (Wiggins et al. 2020). Change in migration patterns has been shown for the European populations, the ringing recovery distances generally increasing through to the 1960-70s and then subsequently declining (Calladine et al. 2012).

Longest-distance movements are performed by the population in N Europe. Birds breeding in N Europe start their post-breeding dispersal as early as late summer, migratory movements lasting mainly until mid-autumn. They are encountered at their wintering grounds in W & S Europe from late summer (at earliest), predominantly in mid- to late autumn. Return migration is evident mainly early- to mid-spring, the breeding sites located in the extreme N are reached in late May.

Recuperaciones por condición para Curruca gavilana

Overall, most (~95%) recoveries are of birds recorded alive, largely recaptures by ringers (~80%). Before 1961, however, most recoveries were of birds found dead (including shot), sick or wounded (overall, ~50%, together with an additional 20% of birds recovered under unknown circumstances). This pattern changed during 1961-1990, with the percentage of birds found dead, sick or wounded falling to <10%. From 1991 to present, almost all recoveries are of birds recaptured in ringing campaigns.

Movimientos anuales para Curruca gavilana

First movements after breeding occur in Jul/Aug, which is confirmed by birds tagged with geolocators in Sweden (Edman 2016). The median trapping date in autumn in Sweden is mid-Aug, and in spring late May (Fransson 1995). Passage through the E Mediterranean in autumn is mostly Jul-Sep (median mid-Sep) (Fransson 1995), and in spring is Apr-May. Geolocators reveal that brids reach the Sahelian belt in Sep, staging and then leaving for the wintering sites by Nov (Edman 2016). They leave the winter quarters in late Mar-Apr, arrivnig back on the breeding grounds in Apr-May.

Conectividad por mes por región para Curruca gavilana

See ‘Annual movements’.

Recuperaciones por condición para Colimbo chico

Two thirds of encounters are from birds reported dead, without geographical pattern. Few shot or intentionally taken, mostly in France, but 16% drowned in fishing nets. Oil victims decreased from 40% pre-1960 to few percent now. Remarkably for this species, almost one third of recoveries refer to ringing recoveries, all on Shetlands, or birds of which rings were read in the field, nearly all in Finland.

Movimientos anuales para Colimbo chico

From November to end March, birds are scattered along coasts of UK and W Europe, occasionally on inland waters in C Europe. From mid-April, birds concentrate in S Finland and N.  Scotland and Shetland, wintering sites in UK and W Europe largely vacated. From mid-May also at scattered locations further N in Fennoscandia. Begin Sept first birds move S, begin Oct Fennoscandia vacated, small concentration in Skagerak. Begin November all birds in wintering areas again.

Conectividad por mes por región para Colimbo chico

Birds early in the breeding season in May, June in NW and N Europe mainly connect to relatively close-by sites within the season, representing post-fledging or (post-)breeding dispersal. Birds later in the breeding season in July, Aug in NW and N Europe connect to wintering sites in UK and W Europe in Nov-Mar, occasionally later (Apr-Jun). Birds wintering in Denmark Sep-mar connect to breeding site in Sweden in Jul-Aug and Finland in May-Aug. Winter dispersal in C Europe limited to Nov-Feb.

Recuperaciones por condición para Mirlo capiblanco

Annual number of encounters increased from about 15 before 1960 to 56 in 1968. Then they decreased to 10 - 25 between 1977 and 2007. From 2008 numbers increased again to maximum of  79 in 2017. Most encounters are from 28 September to 28 October. Also many encounters in spring between 11 April and 31 May.
Until 1960 about 88% of recoveries were dead birds, including about 57% shot birds. Between 1960 and 1990 the percentage dead birds was still relatively high with 81%, including 49% shot. After 1990 about 13% concerned dead birds, including 3% shot birds. Most birds were shot in France and E Spain, furthermore also in Morocco, Algeria and N Italy.

Movimientos anuales para Mirlo capiblanco

In Jan - Feb most birds are near the Mediterranean coast of France and Spain or in Morocco and Algeria, a few birds stay in the UK, S Norway and NW Europe. In Mar they start moving N, but most birds are still in S Europe. In Apr most birds have arrived in the breeding areas in UK and the first birds arrived in S Scandinavia and in C and S Europe, but many still migrating in W and S Europe or still in N Africa. From May - Aug the birds are in the breeding areas. In Sep most birds have left Scandinavia, about 50% of the birds have left UK. Many birds have reached S Europe in Sep but some migrating in NW Europe. In Oct the first birds reached N Africa, most birds are in S Europe but also birds migrating in NW Europe and UK. In Nov - Dec most birds are in S France, N Italy, SE Spain and Morocco.

Conectividad por mes por región para Mirlo capiblanco

Birds from Scandinavia are most times reported in S France from Oct - Apr; there are also recoveries in the UK in Oct and Apr, in C Europe and N Italy in Oct, in E Spain in Oct - Nov, in Morocco in Jan - Mar and in Algeria in Oct and Jan - Apr. Birds from the UK have most recoveries in SW and SE France from Oct - Apr. They are also reported in E Spain from Oct - Mar, in Morocco from Nov - Apr, in Algeria in Oct and Mar, in Germany in Jun and Italy in Oct, Nov and Mar. Birds from C and S Europe have recoveries in SE France and E Spain from Oct - Apr and in Morocco from Jan - Apr. Tracking indicates two-thirds of birds from the Alps winter in Morocco, one-third in Spain (Barras et al 2021). 

Recuperaciones por condición para Gaviota picofina

Overall, most recoveries (58%) due to birds seen alive, identified by other means (from these most from leg ring(s)). Shots represent a small fraction (7.2%). By periods, however, the proportion of birds found dead by shooting passed from 38% before 1960 to 1.8% from 1991 to present. Nowadays, most recoveries (68%) come from birds seen alive thanks to colour-ring projects in several colonies through the species’ distribution range.

Movimientos anuales para Gaviota picofina

Leaves breeding quarters in Jul. Recoveries in winter quarters mostly from Oct to Mar, though some birds already reach these areas in Aug, and remain there until Apr. Spring migration takes place from Feb to May.

Conectividad por mes por región para Gaviota picofina

Similar temporal patterns between regions, so see ‘Annual movements’.

Recuperaciones por condición para Correlimos de Temminck

Most encounters are obtained after the early 1990s. They come mainly from the mid- to late breeding season, peaking in Jun-Aug (85% combined). Most encounters in May-Jul are based primarily on adults while those from Aug – mainly juveniles. Majority of encounters are recorded in N & C Europe (85 and 8% respectively). The encounters based on dead birds decreased markedly over time: from 94% pre-1960 to less than 1% after 1991; those based on alive birds considerably increased from virtually 0% before 1960 to 99% after 1991. The latter is mostly due to ringing recoveries, and especially to colour mark records (33% of all encounters). Shooting as а factor has been largely reduced from 78% pre-1960 to practically 0% after 1991; most historical data come from the W Mediterranean.

Movimientos anuales para Correlimos de Temminck

Post-breeding dispersal and autumn migration start as early as Jul, adults usually precede juveniles. S Europe and the Mediterranean region are reached mostly in Aug-Sep, but some encounters from Oct-Nov also exist. S European and N/NW African encounters from Dec-Feb suggest possible overwintering in those regions. Departure from African wintering grounds is mid-Mar to April (Delany et al. 2009). The number of encounters in the Mediterranean region start to increase from mid-Apr and the breeding grounds are occupied May-Jun.

Tracked S Norwegian breeders left their breeding sites in late Jul and overwintered in Mali from Sep to late Apr/early May, most likely in the Niger River Basin or surrounding areas; in spring, after stopping over in coastal Algeria, the breeding grounds were reached back in early Jun (Lislevand, Hahn, 2015).

Conectividad por mes por región para Correlimos de Temminck

Dispersal movements after the breeding season start in mid-summer, the autumn migration being intensive in late summer and early autumn with numerous encounters in C & S Europe. Mediterranean region & S Europe hold very few encounters from mid- to late autumn. Small number of birds possibly overwinter in SW/S Europe and NW/N Africa, based on a limited number of recoveries from early to late winter.

Extrapolation of the overall migration direction of the birds passing through S Sweden indirectly supports the data showing wintering grounds of the species in W Africa (Hedenström, 2004).

Concentration of encounters in NE Italy (Po Delta), S Italy and S France (Camargue) possibly indicate important stopover areas in the Mediterranean region.

A bird ringed in S France has been encountered in Benin (W Africa) in Mar (Delany et al. 2009).