Recuperaciones por condición para Esmerejón

Movimientos anuales para Esmerejón

Th short distances between breeding and wintering grounds do not inform on the detailed movements of merlins, but the amount of data indicate a probable direct move between grounds, to reach the closest suitable range. Icelandic subaesalon recoveries are concentrated in Ireland and the British Isles, with one down to the Azores. British birds, if moving, concentrate along the Gulf of Biscay, while birds ringed in the West region are either recovered further South in winter, or in the North in summer. Birds from the North move to the SW in parallel lines suggesting no particular migration bottleneck on the way South, and a major wintering range in South-West Europe, from Iberia to Italy.

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Birds breeding in the British Isles moving to the continent are not the rule, the recorded from the end of September to the end of March in South-West Europe. Birds ringed in the West in winter migrate to the North in summer (recoveries in Sweden and Norway). Birds from the North start to move to the SW in September, with most recoveries in the SW in October, while northern grounds are empty by November. At Falsterbo, Sweden, juveniles showed a pronounced migration peak in late September, and adults migrated earlier than young birds (Kjellén 1992). In the spring, recoveries indicate movements to the North already in March, peak in April, and recoveries in West Europe in May are rare.

Recuperaciones por condición para Alcotán europeo

Dead recoveries dominate across time, though if they represented nearly 85% of data before 1990, this decreased to 63% afterwards – which is still a very high proportion.

Movimientos anuales para Alcotán europeo

A tracked adult used a spring migration route 2,000 km farther west than that in autumn, forming a migration loop (Meyburg et al. 2011). Another tracking study of Swedish birds confirmed the autumn route to Libya / Algeria, down to Angola, with the equatorial rainforest representing an ecological barrier (Strandberg et al. 2009). The German bird spent 65% of the year in Africa; its migrations across the Sahara took 4 days, and its spring route passed by Gibraltar (Meyburg et al. 2011).

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Most recoveries of birds from the all regions (North-West, West, North, Central) at more southern latitudes in Europe are from September and October, then April, so with no surprise these months are the main periods when hobbies are on the move in Europe. As an example, recoveries of British birds in the Pyrénées are around mid-October. In November, hobbies are away from Europe, but the recovery database still contain few winter recoveries unusual for the species. At Falsterbo, Sweden, adults migrated late August, juveniles peak in the first half of September (Kjellén 1992). In spring, most returns are noted between mid-April and mid-May.

Recuperaciones por condición para Busardo calzado

Movimientos anuales para Busardo calzado

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Recuperaciones por condición para Garza imperial

Overall, most recoveries due to birds found dead, either shot (33%) or found dead other than shot or intentionally taken or found sick/wounded (35%). This figure, however, has changed over time. Up to 1990, most recoveries were caused by birds found dead/shot. From 1991-present, 48% of recoveries are due to birds found alive identified with leg ring(s) or other means. The proportion of herons dead by shot is nowadays <5%, and the proportion of birds found dead or sick/wounded is 32%.

Movimientos anuales para Garza imperial

Breeding quarters left around Jul; recoveries in S Europe mostly from Aug to Oct, later in N Africa. Recoveries in the Sahel all year round, owing to ‘summering’ birds, which comprise mostly immatures. Migration to Africa fast; GPS-tracking reveal that birds can reach the Sahel (ca. 4000 km) within 5-7 days from Europe (Van Der Winden et al. 2010). One individual even flew 5600 km non-stop, mostly over sea. Migration occurs mostly at night. Herons can make few one-day stopovers in Europe or N Africa, but the long stopovers used to gain fuel are carried out during a period of weeks before departure or after arrival south of the Sahara (Van Der Winden et al. 2010).

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Recoveries un Europe mostly up to Sep in autumn. Arrival to N Africa mostly in Sep, and to the Sahelian belt in Oct. Movements back to breeding quarters patent in Africa in Mar, also in Europe. Many recoveries in Europe in Apr, showing important passage to breeding quarters. Besides this general pattern: (1) wintering in Europe reported, with recoveries as far as The Netherlands in Dec; (2) summering in Africa also detected, in this last case mostly due to non-breeding, immature birds.

Recuperaciones por condición para Martinete común

Both in Europe and Africa, most recoveries are due to birds found dead, with more or less similar proportions between those dead by shot and those found sick/wounded.  An also remarkable proportion of recoveries is associated to unknown causes, but most of these might be due to birds found dead. The number of recoveries of birds seen alive (e.g., identified from leg ring(s)) is relatively marginal in the data set.

Movimientos anuales para Martinete común

Migration starts mostly in Aug, with substantial movements by Sep onwards. Recoveries in C Africa found from Jan to Dec, but note however that some birds seem to summer in Africa. Most birds would reach C Africa in Sep or later and would leave this region before Mar. The distribution range of birds overwintering in Europe is wide, from SW to SW Europe, also reaching the N Sea and UK; again, high overlap between regions of origin. Differential reporting rate of ring-recovery data in Europe/Africa probably provides an over-representation of those birds spending the winter in Europe (recoveries from Nov to Feb).

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Movement patterns fairly similar among regions, so for details see the Annual movements’ section.

Recuperaciones por condición para Correlimos zarapitín

Most recoveries are during autumn migration (85% Jul-Sep): mostly adults in Jul-early Aug, primarily juveniles in late Aug-Sep. Most recoveries (77%) are in C, N & SW Europe (33, 27 and 17% respectively). The percentage of recoveries of dead birds has decreased considerably from 80% pre-1961 to 4% after 1991, while recoveries of live birds has increased from 9% before 1961 to 95% after 1991 (mostly recaptures by ringers). Shooting was an important factor in the past (71% of all pre-1961 recoveries) but currently raccounts for just over 1% of all cases. The majority of distant (>=50 km) recoveries are less than 3,000 km away (some are more than 8,000 km). Most recoveries are generated by ringing sites in W Norway, SE Sweden, N Poland, SW Spain and Ukraine.

Movimientos anuales para Correlimos zarapitín

Post-breeding dispersal and autumn migration start as early as late Jun, adults being ahead of juveniles and males preceding females. The timing of migration is largely dependent on the Arctic breeding conditions (Barshep et al. 2012). In Europe, autumn migration is concentrated in Aug-Sep. Encounters in NW Africa are mostly Oct-Dec. Birds reach the S African wintering grounds as early as Aug (Underhill et al. 1999), but the earliest ringing encounters from W Africa are in late Sep. Some immature birds remain in the non-breeding areas during their second calendar year (Elliott et al. 1976, Van Gils et al. 2020). Return migration starts late Apr-May, birds are in the Mediterranean region (S Europe, N Africa) in May, reaching breeding sites from early Jun and make shorter stopovers at fewer sites on their northward migration (Delany et al. 2009).

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There are three major routes in the W Palearctic: to the White Sea, then W European coasts to W Africa; across E Europe via the Black Sea and N African coast to W Africa; and via the Black and Caspian Seas, across the Middle East to E & S Africa. Some birds perform a loop migration and the W European route is little used in spring, when birds migrate via N Africa and S Ukraine, as well as via Caspian Sea (Wilson et al. 1980, Khomenko 2006, Van Gils et al. 2020). An 'opposite direction' loop has also been suggested as birds marked in the Azov-Black Sea region in autumn are subsequently encountered in spring along the coasts of W Europe (Diadicheva & Khomenko 2006). Autumn migration is evident from early- to mid-summer, the birds stay in their African wintering sites mostly between early autumn and mid- to late spring. Spring migration lasts until early summer.

Recuperaciones por condición para Paíño boreal

Recoveries are concentrated in the 2000s, during the breeding season, and concern live birds moving short to medium distances between breeding colonies. Long -distance recoveries concern dead birds.

Movimientos anuales para Paíño boreal

The main interesting information for the species has been obtained with geolocators deployed on Canadian Leach's Storm Petrels: low migratory connectivity and use multiple stopover areas and overwintering destinations (Pollet et al. 2019). Birds with stopover areas at higher latitudes overwintered in the North Atlantic Ocean, either in areas associated with the North Equatorial Current or in waters off Newfoundland and Labrador.

Conectividad por mes por región para Paíño boreal

The information obtained by tracking Canadian birds might not apply to European birds, if their breeding periods differ, but Canadian birds reach their wintering region by December, after stopovers that can be in Macaronesia. In Europe, recoveries between Scotland and Norway, of live birds moving between breeding colonies, have all been obtained between July and September, when birds attend burrows. The recoveries of Canadian birds in Europe are from October and January.

Recuperaciones por condición para Págalo parásito

Ringing effort has significantly increased since 1991 and number of encounters doubled after 2014. Most recoveries are reported from N and NW Europe, especially from the Faroe Islands, Shetland and Finland where colour ring projects are ongoing. Encounters are most likely between May-Sep. The recovery conditions are about 60% alive, 30% dead and 5% shot. The number of shot birds had decreased greatly since 1991. The distribution of dead birds is equal across the range. The age groups are also equally distributed between different regions.

Movimientos anuales para Págalo parásito

Encounters are restricted to NW and N Europe, specifically the Faroe Islands, Shetland and Finland and the wintering grounds in Africa and S America. From Nov to Apr most recoveries are in the wintering range: across all Africa except for the central regions and S America. By May, most birds have reached their breeding grounds. In Jun-Aug concentrations are in N and NW Europe with encounters in Greenland and Iceland. Distributions remain stable along the coasts until end Aug with some birds already on their way to wintering grounds, reaching their destination within a month. In Sep a few local, short-distance movements are seen in N and NW Europe and some of these observations remain until late autumn, early winter (McInerny & Griffin 2007).

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. Both in NW and N Europe, most connections are seen in Jun-Aug. Many of these, especially in Aug, are local movements, possibly indicating local dispersal. Birds from NW also connect to Denmark and the Baltic in the summer months.. Birds in NW and N in Jun-Jul connect to wintering areas in S America during Sep-Nov and Feb-Jun, (N)W Africa in Sep-Feb (Aug-Apr), and S Africa mainly in Nov-Feb. Tracking indicates that Arctic skuas winter over the entire Atlantic, but also the Mediterranean and Arabian Sea (van Bemmelen 2019). Latter possibly indicated by recoveries in Lebanon in Oct and Jan. Connections in Sep-Nov in NW and N mainly local.

Recuperaciones por condición para Agachadiza real

Most recoveries are after 2000, since the development of ringing on leks, so there are many data from May and Jun, and in the N. Most recoveries are of dead birds in countries where Common Snipe are shot, while live recoveries are scarce and largely from N countries. Most recoveries are of adult birds, as most ringing effort is dedicated to breeders on lekking grounds. Most birds ringed are adult males, hence recoveries document the migration strategy of this age and sex. Recent data are mostly of recaptured birds (~88%), while dead recoveries are now fairly rare (~11%).

Movimientos anuales para Agachadiza real

Data from geolocator studies indicate that in autumn (end Aug) Great Snipes perform long and fast non-stop flights (4,300–6,800 km in 48–96 hrs) over deserts and seas as well as wide areas of suitable habitat.  A strategy that was previously unknown among land birds (Klaassen et al. 2011, Lindström et al. 2021) and explains the rarity of  recoveries and the low reliability of those obtained in Europe in helping to understand migration strategy.

Conectividad por mes por región para Agachadiza real

The phenology of migration is unclear as there are few recoveries in Africa and recoveries along the flyways in Europe are mainly of hunted birds, which are not always obtained during active migration - e.g. late migrants or rare winterers face a higher probability of being recovered than migrants leaving Europe.

Recuperaciones por condición para Agachadiza chica

Before 1991 most recoveries were of birds found dead, although there are few data in this period compared to the larger samples dominated by live recoveries associated with an increasing effort in ringing the species since 1996. As a gamebird, most dead recoveries are of hunted birds, which are  concentrated in France, Ireland, Denmark, as well as Italy, Iberia and Morocco.

Movimientos anuales para Agachadiza chica

In the British Isles, birds arrive on the wintering grounds mid-Sep to early October, with departures in the second half of Apr (Cooney 2017). In S Sweden, the peak of migration is in the first dekad of Oct, with juveniles passing through a few days earlier than adults (Bergner et al. 2021). Birds wintering in SW Europe migrate NE, while those wintering in SC Europe move N-S.

Conectividad por mes por región para Agachadiza chica

The ringing effort is concentrated in the SW half of Europe, on stopover and wintering sites, and most recoveries are in the same region, providing information on movements there during the non-breeding season (Sep to Apr). There are very few recoveries on breeding grounds, mainly in May, one in Jul. There is active migration in S Scandinavia and tto the S in Sep-Oct and Mar-Apr.