Recuperaciones por condición para Tórtola turca

Before 1991, most recoveries (~ 57%) were of birds found dead, but birds reported alive (recaptures or resightings) comprise the vast majority (90%) of  recoveries since then. This is linked to the development of demographic studies, despite the species being a gamebird in several European countries.

Movimientos anuales para Tórtola turca

Collared Dove has a long to medium distance dispersal strategy (Hensz 2018, Slager 2020), which enabled the colonization of Europe during the second half of the 20th century. Natal dispersal of up to a few 100 km facilitates this. Only a small number of Collared Doves migrate, but some birds make short to long distance movements in Sep-Oct to reach wintering sites.

Conectividad por mes por región para Tórtola turca

Most birds only move a few 100 km to the S or SW and these movements are not necessarily well documented by recoveries. Encounters are farily evenly distributed throughout the year, with no seasonal peaks. However, in autumn, movements occur in Sep-Oct, while in spring there are more in Apr.

Recuperaciones por condición para Vencejo real

Most encounters are obtained during the breeding season – primarily in Jun-Jul (53%). C European region holds exclusively almost all of them (ca. 99%). In total, ca. 90% of all encounters are based on alive birds – this share stayed comparatively high over the years (from 77% pre-1960, ca. 60% for the period 1961-1990 and ca. 95% after 1991). The number of encounters coming from dead birds before 1960 was 22%, then nearly doubled during the 1961-1990 period (40%) and currently it holds just 4% from the sample after 1991. Considerable amount of encounters (18%) was received in 1961-1990 due to cold weather.

The bulk of encounters are obtained after 2000.

Live recoveries of ringed birds are concentrated in Switzerland, where the species is most heavily studied.

Movimientos anuales para Vencejo real

Post-breeding dispersion of C European breeding population (Switzerland) starts in Aug, when birds are encountered in the neighbouring countries SW and S from the breeding sites (S France, N Italy). Autumn migration is evident mostly in Sep-Oct (lasting until Nov) at lower latitudes in SW Europe & NW Africa. Encounters from the wintering grounds are very limited – from Jan (Ghana) and Kenya. During spring migration birds are encountered as early as Feb but mostly Mar-Apr (until May) on their way back at similar locations in Maghreb and the Iberian and Apennine Peninsulas. Tracked Swiss breeders undertake a migratory journey of ca. 3500 km to W Africa in about two weeks (Liechti et al. 2013).

There are very few long-distance ring recoveries from the African winter quarters.

Conectividad por mes por región para Vencejo real

Migratory movements of the breeding population in C Europe start as early as late summer, being more pronounced in mid- to late autumn. At this time lots of encounters exist from SW Europe, but also from Italy and N Morocco and Algeria. Limited data from the wintering sites suggest mid-winter encounter in W Africa. Early- to mid-spring encounters are available from the same regions in NW Africa, Spain, France and Italy; migration continues until late spring. Post-breeding dispersal of the Swiss population results in numerous encounters in almost all neighbouring countries, incl. some breeding cases in following years.

Most encounters involve short distances covered only – less than 100km from the ringing site.

Recuperaciones por condición para Lavandera boyera

Until 1960 48% of the recoveries were dead birds: 16% were shot and 5,9% intentionally taken. From 1961 to 1990 34% concerned dead birds: 13% were shot and 3,3% intentionally taken. From 1991 almost all recoveries concerned alive birds.
Hotspots for shot birds are N Italy and the coasts of Spain and Portugal. Also many birds shot in SW France, S Italy, Greece and Morocco.

Movimientos anuales para Lavandera boyera

From Nov - Feb birds are in the winter areas from Senegal to C Afr. Republic, also some in NW Africa and S Europe (mainly Spain). In Mar numbers in NW Africa increase. In Apr many arrive in C Europe, the Low Countries and S UK, also many in NW Africa and S Europe and few still in W Africa. In May birds arrive in Fennoscandia, less birds in S Europe and NW Africa and none left in W Africa. In Aug numbers in Spain and N Italy increase. In Sep few birds in Fennoscandia, numbers in C Europe and UK decrease, numbers in S Europe and N Africa increase. In Oct most birds have left Fennoscandia, C and W Europe and UK. Many birds in S Europe and NW Africa with hotspot along coasts of Ib. Peninsula. Many birds arrive in W Africa.

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Fennoscandian birds pass S Sweden and S Finland in Aug; reports from Belgium, C Europe, N taly and S France (Aug-Sep), Ib. Peninsula (Aug-Dec, May), S Italy (Oct, May), NW Africa (Oct-Nov, Apr-May) and Senegal - C Afr. Republic (Oct-Apr). UK birds pass S UK and W France in Aug-Sep; reports from Portugal (Sep-Nov), Spain (few Sep-Nov, more Mar-Apr), Morocco (few Sep-Nov, more Mar-May) and Senegal - Guinnee Bissau (Oct-Apr). From Low Countries reports from France (Aug–Sep), Ib. Peninsula (Sep-Nov), NW Africa (Aug-Dec and Mar-Apr) and W Africa (Nov-Apr). C Europe birds are found in France (Sep-Oct, Apr), Ib. Peninsula (Sep-Dec, few Apr), few Greece (Oct, Dec), Italy and NW Africa (Sep-Oct, Mar-May) and Senegal - C Afr. Republic (Oct-Mar). N. populations move longest and leap-frig over S populations (Bell 1996; Bell2007).

Recuperaciones por condición para Porrón osculado

Common Goldeneye is a game species in a number of European countries and before 1961 ~54% of all recoveries were of dead birds as a result of shooting/hunting. The percentage reported dead fell during the next two 30-year periods (28 and 11% respectively). Inversely, the percentage of recaptures increased from 9.5% before 1961 to 75% after 1991. Most encounters are in N Europe (90%). Drowning in fishing nets can be an important cause of mortality – 8% pre-1961, 6% 1961-1990, and 2.5% of all recoveries after 1991 (15% of all dead birds in Finland; Saurola et al. 2013).

About half of all encounters (ca. 51%) are obtained in May-Jun – the species readily occupies nestboxes. Nestbox recoveries share increased fourfold from the pre-1960 period (1%) to after 1991 (4.6%).

Movimientos anuales para Porrón osculado

Common Goldeneye undergo a flightless moult taking about a month in late summer and autumn, with males moulting earlier than females. Short migratory movements to moulting sites lead to local concentrations (Baltic Sea, White Sea; Eadie et al. 2020). True autumn migration starts in Aug, peaks in Nov and most wintering sites are occupied by Dec. Birds originating from Fennoscandia and NW Russia are encountered Aug-Mar (mostly Nov-Feb) in N/Baltic Sea region and W Europe, while those breeding in E Europe are in SE Europe Sep-Apr. Return movements start Feb-Mar and most have left by the end of Mar. Birds start to arrive on their breeding sites at the end of Mar, although most return in Apr, or even May in the extreme N of the range.

Conectividad por mes por región para Porrón osculado

Birds from the breeding population in Fennoscandia and NW Russia are encountered in late summer, autumn and winter (even early spring) primarily in the region of Baltic and N Seas, but also at other coastal sites elsewhere in W Europe, including the British Isles. A few are also encountered further south in C & S Europe in winter, reaching the Mediterranean and Black Seas. Birds arrive on the breeding sites in N Europe in mid- to late spring. Birds breeding in E Europe are encountered in SE Europe and S Russia from early autumn to mid-spring, mostly in late autumn and winter. C European breeding birds are encountered from early autumn to early spring at a number of sites in N, W & SW Europe. Scottish breeders winter in Ireland.

Recuperaciones por condición para Alcaudón dorsirrojo

Most recoveries are since 2000, mainly during the breeding season and migration - 98% May-Sep. The bulk of recoveries are in C, N & SC Europe (85% in total - 53, 21 & 11% respectively). Recoveries of dead birds have significantly decreased over time: from 76% before 1961 to 4% after 1991. The percentage of recoveres of birds found alive has increased from 18% before 1961 to 95% after 1991. Recoveries of shot birds are now few, although they constituted 26% of all recoveries before 1961 (mainly in the E Mediterranean & N Italy). Nowadays, most of the recoveries are of live birds, both recaptures by ringers and metal rings read in the field.

Shrikes are among the numerous birds illegally trapped and killed annually in the Mediterranean (Brochet et al. 2016).

Movimientos anuales para Alcaudón dorsirrojo

The populations across Europe use remarkably similar migration routes and are highly synchronized in time (Pedersen et al. 2020). Birds start to leave the breeding sites in Jul, but most departures are in Aug-Sep. SE Europe and the E Mediterranean are reached as early as Aug, but mainly in Sep-Oct (with some late records in Nov-Dec). The earliest encounters in E Sahel are in Sep. Birds are in the winter quarters from Oct. Spring migration usually starts in Mar, most encounters in E Africa and Red Sea area are from Apr, Levant - Apr-May. European breeding sites are reached in May. Tracking with geolocators revealed a loop migration of 22,000 km, with the distance travelled in spring being 22% longer than in autumn; duration was longer in autumn, but speed between sites was faster than in spring (Tøttrup et al. 2012).

Conectividad por mes por región para Alcaudón dorsirrojo

Autumn migration is evident from late summer. European breeders are found on the Balkan Peninsula and E Mediterranean regions mostly early to mid-autumn. The wintering sites in E & S Africa are reached as early as mid-autumn, most encounters being from late autumn until early spring. Return movements within Africa take place mostly in early to mid-spring; birds are in the Middle East and Europe in late spring, when the breeding grounds are occupied. Tracking birds using geolocators and GPS tags revealed important staging areas in SE Europe & W Turkey, as well as the E Sahel zone in autumn, and in E Africa in spring; wintering grounds have been identified in S Africa (Pedersen et al. 2020, Tøttrup et al. 2012). A bird tracked from Denmark wintered in the Sahel (Chad), outside the normal winter range (Pedersen et al. 2019).

Recuperaciones por condición para Agateador europeo

Most encounters are obtained since late 1990s. They are generally distributed evenly throughout the year, with prominent peaks in Sep and Oct (ca. 25% combined). The bulk of encounters are recorded in W, SW, C & SC Europe – ca. 99% combined (36, 34, 22 and 7% respectively).

There are very few recoveries prior to 1960. After 1961 most of them (94-99%) are based on alive birds, due mostly to ringing activities. Surprisingly, there are some (just a few, though) recoveries in the past obtained as a result of shooting.

Movimientos anuales para Agateador europeo

The species is strictly resident. Post-breeding dispersal movements are extremely limited, usually within several kilometers (less than 50km in most cases). Medium- to long-distant movements are very rare and such are recorded both in juvenile birds (Aug, Belgium – Dec, Portugal, possibly a post-breeding dispersal) and adults (Mar, Spain – May, Mali; May-Jun, Denmark).

As the species is known to be more montane at the southern edge of its range (Harrap 2020), altitudinal migration is not always present in these populations due to a number of adaptations, including behavioural thermoregulation (Carrascal et al. 2001).

Conectividad por mes por región para Agateador europeo

Most ringing encounters are recoveries just a few kilometers away from the ringing site. Dispersal movements in juveniles rarely come to extremes, like the one of a bird marked in late summer in Belgium and subsequently encountered wintering in S Portugal in early winter. Adults sometimes perform comparatively long-distance movements as well – either within a single country (late spring to early summer, Denmark) or covering greater distances (from early spring, Iberian Peninsula to late spring, W Africa).

Ringing data from France and SE Europe extremely limited or absent.

Recuperaciones por condición para Arrendajo euroasiático

Most old data (nearly 75%) are of birds found dead.  However, the development of demographic studies has increased the number of recoveries, with live recaptures accounting for nearly 90% of recoveries after 1990.

Movimientos anuales para Arrendajo euroasiático

The migration of the Jay can be described as irruptive (Ulfstrand 1963, Selas 2017), as numbers fluctuate between years. There are therefore unpredictable, with some invasion years, though they generally occur in early autumn when they are obvious, while spring movements are far more discrete.

Conectividad por mes por región para Arrendajo euroasiático

SW movements of birds breeding in Central Europe are noted from Sep onwards, with increasing recovery distances until Dec. The lack of such recoveries from Feb onwards might be due to the closure of hunting seasons. Sep is the main month where long, directional movements occur - these correspond with changes in food availability and reproductive success within the range.

Recuperaciones por condición para Alondra común

A huntable bird in several regions in Europe: a significant part of the recoveries are due to shooting (30%), even nowadays. This proportion, indeed, has remained rather constant over time. Almost 40% of recoveries due to birds captured alive for ringing; this proportion is increasing, passing from <10% before 1960 to 42% from 1991 to present. In part, this is caused by strong ringing effort in several regions across Europe.  

Movimientos anuales para Alondra común

First movements by Sep, with a peak in Oct, when migration is very active. Ringing in SW France suggests a “feed-by-day, fly-by-night’ strategy in autumn (Hargues et al. 2007), which would give rise to relatively slow speeds of migration. Migration in the day, however, also reported (Simms 1992). Return to breeding quarters detected as early as Feb, continues in Mar. By Apr, most skylarks are at their breeding sites. Within-winter movements can happen, especially under harsh conditions, when e.g. British birds can leave the islands and move to continental Europe (Donald et al. 2001).

Conectividad por mes por región para Alondra común

Ring-recovery data suggest that Skylarks show rather similar temporal pattern of migration in all Europe. In Oct-Jan, high concentrations of recoveries in W/SW Europe, highlighting the Benelux and SW and SE France, where there is a strong ringing effort. Seemingly funnel effect in Pyrenees, with concentrations in their W and E edges. Skylarks ringed in Apr-Jul in E Europe (up to W Russia) mostly in Italy in winter.

Recuperaciones por condición para Águila pescadora

Overall, most recoveries are due to birds seen alive identified by metal ring read (54%). A quarter of all recoveries are due to birds found dead other than by shooting. A remarkable decrease of recoveries associated to deaths by shot with time (from ca. 70% before 1960, to less than 5% from 1990-present). Studies with tracking data show that mortality rate is about six times higher during migration season, especially in spring during the Sahara crossing (Klaassen et al. 2014).

Movimientos anuales para Águila pescadora

Autumn migration starts in Aug/Sep. Arrival to winter quarters in Africa in Oct/Nov. Some individuals remain in winter in Europe, with recoveries in Jan/Feb. Spring migration starts in Mar/Apr; arrival to breeding quarters is fast. Most immatures, also some non-breeding adults, summering in Africa. Adults seem to be more stationary at their wintering sites, whilst juveniles tend to be more mobile when reach these sites in Africa (Hake et al. 2001).

Conectividad por mes por región para Águila pescadora

Most recoveries come from N populations, which start to migrate in Aug, arriving to Africa in Oct/Nov. Passage over S Europe and the Mediterranean, mostly in Sep/Oct. Recoveries in Africa all year due to ‘summering’ birds. Return to breeding quarters stats in Feb/Mar. Passage over S Europe patent in Apr. Populations from NW, W and C Europe show similar temporal pattern, but passage though S Europe mostly across Iberia. Few data from E Europe, recoveries in Africa from Jan to Mar. Overall, adults show straight migratory routes, whilst young birds tend to show more variability (Hake et al. 2001).

Recuperaciones por condición para Correlimos gordo

Before 1961 recoveries were scarce with very few found alive (2%) and over 73% of all recoveries were of shot birds. By contrast, only 4% of recoveries are of dead/sick/wounded birds since 1991, due to huge efforts in ringing and colour-ringing since 2007.

Movimientos anuales para Correlimos gordo

Siberian canutus winter mainly on the Banc d’Arguin in Mauritania and stage in the Bay of Biscay and the Wadden Sea in spring (Leyrer et al. 2009), while islandica winter around the N sea. Published data on multiple-tracked rufa show they leave the Arctic in three waves: females mid-Jul, males about two weeks later, and juveniles in  late Aug (Loring et al. 2018) - it seems likely that canutus and islandica follow the same pattern. Juveniles are encountered in S Scandinavia and the European wintering range in Aug, and juveniles wintering  in W Africa arrive anout a month after the adults (Bocher et al. 2011). In W France, the first islandica arrive for winter while canutus are still staging on the same sites en route to Africa (Bocher et al. 2011).

Conectividad por mes por región para Correlimos gordo

Red Knot ringed in NW Europe are found there throughout the year and in Iceland, Greenland and arctic Canada May-Oct. Islandica stage in Iceland and N Norway in spring, return to the Wash and Wadden Sea to moult in autumn, then move to wintering sites in the British Isles and the atlantic coast.  Unfortunately, there are no recoveries from the Siberian breeding grounds to document the timing of presence there. In the Bay of Biscay, analysis of isotopes from feathers show that adult canutus are present in Aug and early Sep (Bocher et al. 2011), while islandica arrive later and are mostly juveniles.