Recuperaciones por condición para Garza real

Currently, around half of the recoveries are of birds seen alive and identified from leg ring(s) or other marks. Before 1960, a remarkable proportion of recoveries were of shot birds (>45%). During 1961-1990, this source of recoveries fell to 26%, though most birds were still found dead. Currently, 44% of the birds are found dead or sick/wounded, with far fewer shot birds (<5%).

Movimientos anuales para Garza real

Post-natal/-breeding dispersal/migration seems to start as early as Jul, when recoveries in Africa not due to summering birds are found. The bulk of migration is detected, however, from late Aug to Oct. Return to breeding grounds seen from Feb, up to Apr. In May, virtually all birds at their breeding sites, except subadult non-breeders, that can remain in their wintering areas or somewhere between these and their future breeding grounds. Recoveries in W Africa exceptional from late Apr onwards.

Conectividad por mes por región para Garza real

Excluding resident birds, most European populations seem to have a similar migration pattern, with first movements in Jul-Aug, following a NE-SW axis, so giving rise to some degree of connectivity, although with high overlap in W/SW Europe and in W Africa, where birds coming from W to C and E Europe overwinter together (Zwarts et al. 2009). Migration from the wintering areas starts in Feb but mostly occurs in Mar-Apr in N European birds. By May, all birds are on their breeding grounds, unless they are non-breeders. Summering in W Africa has been reported, especially for the C and N populations.

Recuperaciones por condición para Pinzón real

Until 1987 annual number of encounters fluctuated around 700, only 1976 was much better with 1531 encounters. After 1987 six years followed with lower numbers between 158 and 531. From 1994 to 2002 numbers increased to the same level as before 1987. After 2002 average numbers  increased to around 2000, but with big fluctuations between 672 (2007) and 4005 (2006).
Most encounters are in January, then the numbers decrease gradually from February to May. In fall the peak is between 8 October and 7 November, followed by a second peak in December.
Before 1960 about 38% of recoveries were dead birds, between 1960 and 1990 this percentage was still relatively high with 30%. After 1990 about 3% concerned dead birds.

Movimientos anuales para Pinzón real

In Nov - Dec the hotspots are in the Low Countries and N Italy. Other encounters are spread over S Fennoscandia, UK, SW and C Europe and around the Black Sea. In Jan the hotspot in N Italy is gone and concentrations appear in S and SW France, Switzerland, and UK. In Feb only the hotspots in Switzerland and the Low Countries remain, few birds in S Europe and N Africa. In Mar - Apr birds move north, few birds left in France and C Europe. Birds move to Fennoscandia but still many birds in Low Countries and UK. In May most birds arrived in their breeding areas. From May - Aug few birds stay in the Low Countries, C Europe and N Italy. In Sep the first migrants arrive in UK, W and S Europe. In Oct birds have left N Fennoscandia and the hotspots in the Low Countries and N Italy build up.

Conectividad por mes por región para Pinzón real

Birds from Fennoscandia are found in Lithuania in October and from October - March in the UK and W and S Europe. From January - March there are recoveries in Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia and Georgia. In September a bird was reported in Iceland. Birds ringed in the UK were found in Ireland, the Low Countries, France, N Italy and N Spain from October - March. Eastern Europan birds are reported in the Low Countries, Germany, Switzerland, France and N Italy from October - March. From December - February there are recoveries in Hongary and Czechia. Birds from W Europe are found in Iberia from November - March and in February in Morocco and Malta. Other birds moved to N Italy and were reported from August - February and more easterly in Romania, Bulgary and Georgia from December - March.

Recuperaciones por condición para Bigotudo

The few old recoveries were of dead birds, but post 1960, and even more recent data concern almost only live recoveries, with most data obtained in the 2000s.

Movimientos anuales para Bigotudo

The movements attested by long-distance ring recoveries are probably dependant on particular resource or meteorological conditions, explaining the unusual dispersion of some birds in some years at unusual distances.

Conectividad por mes por región para Bigotudo

Most long-distance recoveries have been obtained in November, December and January, more rarely at the end of October, with no geographical pattern among the different regions in Europe.

Recuperaciones por condición para Alca común

Razorbill is a game species in the Faroes and Iceland, but is protected in most of Europe. Most recoveries are in NW (69%) & N Europe (22%) with 68% in Jun-Jul. Recoveries of birds found dead decreased from 80% pre-1961 to 23% after 1991; those of live birds markedly increased from 5% before 1960 to 77% after 1991. The latter is mostly due to recaptures, including ring resightings. Shooting was an important factor in the past - 33% of all cases pre-1961, but now fewer than 1% of all recoveries are of shot birds. Currently 7% of all recoveries come from by-catch casualties (22% in 1961-1990). The species is vulnerable to oil pollution - now 2% of all cases (11% in 1961-1990).

Movimientos anuales para Alca común

After breeding, Razorbills undergo a flightless wing moult (Lavers et al. 2020). N Icelandic breeders moult locally (Aug-Sep) and some remain along the coasts of S Iceland in winter (Linnebjerg et al. 2018).; ohers move towards the Faroes (Oct-Jan). Birds breeding in the British Isles are found along the Atlantic coasts of N, W, and SW Europe, as well as NW Africa (mostly Morocco, but S to Western Sahara and even Mauritania; Isenmann et al. 2010) as early as Sep, most encounters are Nov-Feb. Summer encounters on the wintering grounds are of immature birds. Birds breeding in the Baltic Sea region overwinter locally, mostly in the S & SE part. N European breeders are found along SW & S Scandinavian coasts mainly in Oct-Feb. Breeding sites are reached from late Feb, mostly Mar-Apr (May at latest) (Cherenkov et al. 2016, Noskov et al. 2016).

Conectividad por mes por región para Alca común

Post-breeding dispersal starts in mid-summer. Birds breeding in the British Isles migrate and are found along the Atlantic coasts of Europe and NW Africa mostly between mid- to late autumn and late winter. First-winter birds from British colonies tend to migrate farther than adults (North 1980, Wernham et al. 2002). Some immatures stay in the winter quarters during their first summer; the proportion returning increases with age (Lavers et al. 2020). Birds breeding in W Europe and the Baltic Sea region are sedentary or locally dispersive. N European population (N Norway & NW Russia) take SW routes towards S Scandinavia and the Danish straits, where they are encountered primarily from mid-autumn to late winter; some continue as far as the British Isles (records are mostly in late winter to early spring) and France.

Recuperaciones por condición para Carricero tordal

Most recoveries (92%) due to birds recaptured alive (ringing recovery). Recoveries due to birds found dead were relatively frequent before 1960 (ca. 40%, half of which were birds dead by shot), but nowadays virtually lacking.

Movimientos anuales para Carricero tordal

Departure from breeding quarters mostly from Jul to Aug. Some birds found to fly direct to Africa from their breeding sites, though most make up to 3 main stopovers in autumn (Horns et al. 2016, Koleček et al. 2016). Arrival to winter quarters from Aug to Oct. Departure from Africa spring in Mar, up to late Apr. Passage across S Europe starts in late Mar, obvious in Apr. Arrival to breeding places from Apr to May (N European populations arrive later than their S counterparts).

Conectividad por mes por región para Carricero tordal

See ‘Overall connectivity patterns’.

Recuperaciones por condición para Cárabo común

Currently protected species in Europe. Most encounters are obtained after the mid-1970s. More than half of all encounters come from N Europe (ca. 51%). The encounters are mainly recorded in Apr-May – ca. 61% (nestbox ringing).

The encounters based on dead birds decreased over time (from 84% pre-1960 to 36% after 1991), while those based on alive birds – markedly increased (from ca. 11% to 61% respectively); the latter is mostly due to ringing encounters (mostly coming from Finland). Unlike many other raptors, shooting was not so frequent as recovery condition in the past (from 7% of all cases pre-1960 to less than 1% afterwards). Traffic is among the currently important negative factors (13% of all cases).

Movimientos anuales para Cárabo común

In N Europe, post-breeding dispersal in juveniles takes place Sep-Nov, sometimes it continues in winter (Dec-Jan). In Feb-Mar they leave the wintering sites in search of breeding territories (Noskov et al. 2016). In temperate areas, dispersal is usually within radius of a few km of natal site; in Fennoscandia, up to 20 km (Holt et al. 2020). In Britain, only 7% of natal dispersal movements in juvenile birds have been of more than 20 km. Adults are strongly territorial throughout the year, the median distance moved is less than 1 km (Wernham et al. 2002). In Finland, both males and females have been found to breed within a radius of 3 km from year to year; the longest distance between two successive nest sites in males being 35 km, while in females – 231 km (Saurola et al. 2013).

Conectividad por mes por región para Cárabo común

In Finland, natal dispersal directions in adult males and females are distributed quite randomly – the respective distances from the natal site to the first recorded breeding site is 14 km (median) in males and 17 km in females. The preferred direction in juveniles during their first autumn and winter (Sep-Feb) movements is S, based on encounters at distances of more than 100 km (Saurola et al. 2013).

Higher dispersal rate and greater movements are recorded on the N fringe of the species range (Scandinavia) – even so, only 7% are encountered more than 100 km away (Wernham et al. 2002).

Juvenile birds in the populations to the N undertake dispersal movements in early- to late autumn and the movements towards the breeding sites usually start from late winter to early spring.

Recuperaciones por condición para Corneja negra

Most recoveries from before the 1990s are of dead birds, as Crows are considered to be a pest and are killed across most of Europe. However, the development of colour-ringing programs from the 1990s means that over 80% of distant recoveries are of live birds (and nearly 50% of the total are colour-ring resightings).

Movimientos anuales para Corneja negra

Most distant movements concern Hooded Crows from N and continental E populations, moving to C, W and SW Europe, although most stay within the cornix breeding distribution. Birds from the British Isles do not move to the continent.

Conectividad por mes por región para Corneja negra

The monthly figures give little indication of a possible structured phenology of movements or migration. There is some dispersal from C to the SW from mid-Oct to end Feb. Movements from N to W and SW occur mainly in Oct and Apr, with most distant recoveries in Nov-Feb. Movements from the E start in Oct, with last returns in May.

Recuperaciones por condición para Carricero políglota

Most recoveries (95%) due to birds recaptured alive (ringing recovery). Extremely few recoveries (N=7) before 1960.

Movimientos anuales para Carricero políglota

Breeding quarters left from Jul. Passage through Europe still patent until Sep, some recoveries still in Oct. First recoveries in winter quarters in E Africa in Nov, up to Mar. Spring passage obvious in Apr in Europe. Few birds found to overwinter in Europe, especially in W countries.

Conectividad por mes por región para Carricero políglota

In autumn, recoveries within E Mediterranean area/Arabia mostly in Aug-Sep, up to Oct. Birds passing through Sudan already in Aug. Recoveries from Kenya to South Africa majorly in Dec-Jan, though occurrence at winter quarters from Oct to Mar. Recent literature suggests that Kenya is a stopover area, with E European birds likely moving further S in winter (Prochaska et al 2014). Seemingly loop migration, with a higher proportion of recoveries in spring in Arabia, mostly in May. Interesting recoveries E Africa in Dec-Arabia in May, supporting this loop pattern. Passage across SE Europe detected in May. Ringing at breeding quarters mostly concentrated in Jul-Aug.

Recuperaciones por condición para Trepador azul

Most encounters are obtained since 2000. They are generally distributed evenly throughout the year, mostly during autumn and winter. The bulk of encounters are recorded in C, NW, W & N Europe – ca. 95% combined (42, 29, 15 and 9% respectively).

The encounters based on dead birds decreased over the years (from 50% pre-1960 to just 2% after 1991), while those based on alive birds – markedly increased (from ca. 47% to 97% respectively); the latter is mostly due to ringing encounters. Surprisingly, a few recoveries in the past are obtained as a result of shooting. A variety of recovery condition categories related to human activities has been achieved as a result of the numerous urban populations close-existing to humans.

Movimientos anuales para Trepador azul

The species is strictly resident. Post-breeding dispersal movements are extremely limited, usually within several kilometers; 95% of all birds found dead in UK have been encountered within 15km, mostly within 1km (Wernham et al. 2002). Initial dispersal starts very soon after fledging, while a second peak is noted for Aug-Sep, which involves birds making longer movements (Matthysen 1998).

Based on ringing data in Finland autumn irruptions start in Sep, peaking in mid-Oct, with females showing higher tendency to participate (Saurola et al. 2013). Spring movements are evident in Mar-Apr.

Conectividad por mes por región para Trepador azul

All populations considered resident, juveniles being more prone to disperse, mostly in N Europe. Post-breeding dispersal often takes place in couple of waves. A distinct preference to the SW direction during dispersal has been noted in juveniles in the Low Countries (Matthysen 1998), but in many cases dispersal movements have no prevailing direction. An increase in natal dispersal distances has been found in more fragmented habitats (Matthysen et al. 1995). The species avoids water crossings and recoveries like the one of a bird marked in France and subsequently found in S Sardinia should be considered exceptional (Spina, Volponi, 2008).

Long-distance movement of an adult marked in E Poland and subsequently found in Moscow region possibly represents a post-invasion withdrawal.

Ringing data from France and SE Europe extremely limited.

Recuperaciones por condición para Agateador euroasiático

Most encounters are obtained after 2000. They are generally distributed evenly throughout the year, with two prominent peaks in Sep (13%) and Oct (20%). The bulk of encounters are recorded in NW, C & N Europe – ca. 98% combined (55, 22 and 21% respectively).

There are very few recoveries prior to 1960. After 1961 most of them (93-98%) are based on alive birds, due mostly to ringing activities.

The distribution of alive ringing recoveries primarily along the coasts of Baltic and North Seas (very few placed inland) – based on a sample of only distant (>= 50km) recoveries, probably reflects the network of active ringing stations and observatories.

Movimientos anuales para Agateador euroasiático

N European (Fennoscandian) breeders take S routes reaching Baltic Sea region as early as Sep, most encounters on the wintering grounds are from Oct (including Moscow region), very few – from Nov-Mar. Encounter of a wintering bird in Slovenia is known from mid-Nov.

Post-breeding dispersal is mostly evident Sep-Nov, starting in Aug in “irruption” years (Harrap 2020). Based on data from S Finland, juveniles migrate earlier than adults (Saurola et al. 2013).

Return migration take place in Mar-Apr, as late as early May in the northernmost populations.

Although C European population is largely resident, a bird marked in W Germany has been encountered wintering in S Spain in Dec.

Conectividad por mes por región para Agateador euroasiático

Birds breeding in Fennoscandia are encountered on their wintering grounds (Baltic Sea region, rarely W, C & E Europe, exceptionally as S as SC Europe) from early autumn until early spring.

Dispersal movements after breeding season take place normally early to late autumn, but could start as early as late summer in invasion years. Sometimes, juveniles take N direction to disperse, reaching Russian Lapland and White Sea (Harrap 2020). Return migration is evident early- to mid-spring (late spring to the N part of species’ range).

Except for N Europe, most European populations are resident. Danish population is considered sedentary as well (Bønløkke et al. 2006).