Recuperaciones por condición para Escribano palustre

Overall, most (>95%) recoveries due to birds captured alive, usually in ringing campaigns. By periods, however, a remarkable fraction of recoveries before 1960 were due to birds found dead by shot (ca. 10%) or other than shot, sick or wounded (15%). This pattern clearly changed during the period 1961-1990, and from 1990 to present the number of birds found dead is absolutely marginal. 

Movimientos anuales para Escribano palustre

Migration in autumn starts in Sep, patent in Oct-Nov. Arrival to winter grounds from Oct to Nov, where the birds remain up to Feb-Mar. Spring migration in Mar-Apr. Arrival to breeding grounds by Apr-May. Differential migration by sex, hence males overwinter in further N regions as compared to females (Prys-Jones 1984, Arizaga et al. 2011). Moreover, males found to be predominant at sites close to presumably obligate migratory pathways, which would allow them to arrive faster to breeding sites as soon as weather conditions improve in spring (Arizaga et al. 2015).

Conectividad por mes por región para Escribano palustre

Migratory populations from C Europe and the Atlantic façade up to N Europe show patent movements in Oct, when they start to reach their winter quarters in W/SW Europe. They remain there until Feb/Mar. Arrival to N breeding quarters in Scandinavia in late Apr/May. Populations from E Europe, up to the circum-Baltic area, also move mainly in Oct, to reach SC Europe, where they remain up to Feb (patent northward migration in Mar). Few data for the Scandinavian birds that move S to the Balkan peninsula and the area surrounding the Black Sea. Recoveries in these southern sites mainly in Feb.

Recuperaciones por condición para Carricerín común

Most recoveries (98%) are of birds recaptured alive. Recoveries in Africa increased as a result of several intensive ringing campaigns from the 1970s onwards. Recoveries of dead birds were relatively frequent (23%) before 1961 but, as so many birds are now recaptured, they are extremely rare (0.5%).

Movimientos anuales para Carricerín común

Departure from the breeding quarters starts in Jul, continuing to mid-Aug. Birds breeding further N leave earlier than populations to the S. Adults migrate through stopover sites before first-year birds. Birds arrive on the winter quarters in Africa by Oct and depart from Mar, with some leaving as late as May. Sedge Warblers reach the breeding grounds Apr-May (northern European populations arrive later than their southern counterparts).

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Western populations migrate through Iberia Jul-Sep (peak in Aug); and across NW Africa Aug-Oct. Passage of eastern populations across SE Europe is mostly in Aug-Sep. Return passage across S Europe occurs mostly in Apr, with some in May. Eastern populations migrate through SE Europe (mostly the Balkan peninsula), while western populations mostly move across E Iberia/France, avoiding W Iberia, thus giving rise to loop migration.

Recuperaciones por condición para Frailecillo atlántico

Protected species in most of Europe, currently hunted legally in Iceland and the Faeroes. Most encounters are obtained primarily during the breeding season, peaking in Jun-Jul (ca. 92% combined) – mainly after first year and adult birds. The bulk of encounters come from NW (93%) and N Europe (5%). Most of the encounters are obtained after 2000. The encounters based on dead birds decreased markedly over the years – from 86% pre-1960 (17% shot) to about 8% after 1991 (almost none shot). The share of recoveries based on alive birds largely increased – from ca. 9 to 91% respectively, the latter mostly due to ringing encounters.

Most shot birds come from S Norway and Newfoundland (mainly in the past) and the Faeroes. The species is vulnerable to oil spills, violent weather and seabird bycatch (Wernham et al. 2002, Anker-Nilssen et al. 2017, Bærum et al. 2019).

Movimientos anuales para Frailecillo atlántico

Post-breeding dispersal starts Jul-Aug, the birds migrate quickly to the wintering areas. Scandinavian population migrates towards Iceland (encounters from Feb, as well as some from Jul of summering birds), the Faeroes (mostly Nov-Feb), S Greenland (Nov-Dec), Newfoundland, the British Isles and W Europe (Aug-May).

Tracked birds from Ireland travelled rapidly W into the N Atlantic in Aug, most reaching the Newfoundland-Labrador shelf; by Oct, all birds moved back to the mid-Atlantic where they remained resident until return to the breeding colony (Jessopp et al. 2013). Tracked birds from NW Norway took NE routes at the end of the breeding season to the Barents Sea (Anker-Nilssen, Aarvak, 2009).

The species undergoes a flightless wing-moulting period during winter (Lowther et al. 2020).

Breeding sites are reached back from late Feb (S) to Apr or even May (N).

Conectividad por mes por región para Frailecillo atlántico

Tracking studies revealed a dispersive pattern of movements changing through the non-breeding period (Guilford et al. 2011). Birds breeding in Iceland are found in Newfoundland mostly Oct-Nov, and in UK – mainly Aug. Most winter encounters of the British Isles breeders along SW & W Europe are from Dec-Feb, the earliest being from Aug-Sep. Birds breeding in E Scotland moult locally off the coast (Glew et al. 2018) and overwinter mainly in the NW North Sea (Harris et al. 2010).

Birds breeding in NW Greenland migrate generally S, the males used a form of chain migration (overwintering off SW & S Greenland coasts) while females appeared to largely use leap-frog migration traveling much farther (Burnham et al. 2021).

The species was found to be most abundant from mid-autumn to early spring in a recently identified major hotspot for millions of seabirds in the N Atlantic (Davies et al. 2021).

Recuperaciones por condición para Papamoscas cerrojillo

Overall, most (ca. 90%) recoveries due to birds captured alive, usually in ringing campaigns (68%). By periods, however, a remarkable fraction of recoveries before 1960 were due to birds found dead (ca. 30%). This pattern clearly changed from 1991 to present, when this proportion comprises just ca. 5% of recoveries, with the rest being due to birds recaptured alive, normally due to ringing.

Movimientos anuales para Papamoscas cerrojillo

First post-breeding movements in Jul, with prolonged migration across Europe up to Oct. Peak of migration in S half of Europe in Aug-Sep (migrants from N Europe pass later than those from W Europe, Ouwehand et al. 2016). Migrants can establish temporal territories at stopovers (Bibby & Green 1980). Important fuelling in S Europe, probably also in NW Africa, before crossing the Sahara (e.g., Hilgerloh & Wiltschko 2000). Most recoveries in winter quarters in Africa from Oct to Mar. Spring passage through Europe peaks in Apr. Arrival to N breeding quarters in Scandinavia mostly in May. Recoveries in winter in Europe progressively more frequent (e.g., Morganti & Pulido 2012). Males arrive earlier than females to breeding quarters in spring (Harnos et al. 2015).

Conectividad por mes por región para Papamoscas cerrojillo

Overall, very W-biased routes in autumn, more E-biased in spring, thus giving rise to loop migration across Europe (Bairlein 2001). Birds from NW/W Europe show many recoveries in autumn in W Iberia, mostly along Portuguese coast (Aug-Oct); return in spring (Apr-May) more through central Iberia, up to Italy. Birds from C Europe pass over W Iberia mostly in Aug-Sep; return in spring mostly across E Iberia/W Mediterranean. Birds from N/E Europe show similar geographic pattern, but pass over W France mostly Aug-Sep, over W Iberia Sep-Oct; some birds from E Scandinavia pass over the Alps, mostly Aug-Sep, thus taking a more E flyway than conspecifics. Exceptional recoveries from N Europe in SE Europe/E Mediterranean (Sep-Oct) or E Africa (Dec).

Recuperaciones por condición para Acentor común

There were few recoveries before the 1990s, with increasing numbers in the 21st century. Encounters occur year-round, with a slight peak (22%) in Sep-Oct (autumn migration). Encounters in May-Jun are largely of adults, while from mid-Jul to Nov they are mostly juveniles. Most recoveries are in NW Europe (61%), with many also in W, C, N & SC Europe (37% combined). Recoveries of birds found dead have decreased from 58% pre-1961 to 2% after 1990, while those based on live birds markedly increased from 40% pre-1961 to 98% after 1990, largely due to an increase in recaptures. Shooting accounted for few recoveries - mainly in the past (4% pre-1961) - primarily in the W & C Mediterranean region.

Movimientos anuales para Acentor común

Post-breeding dispersal and autumn migration in migratory populations start from Aug, with movements concentrated in Sep-Oct and progressively decreasing in Nov. Local breeders have mostly left the N European breeding grounds by the end of Nov. Wintering areas in NE Spain are occupied between mid-Sep and mid-Apr (Pons 2001). The very few encounters in N Africa come from Nov-Mar. Spring migration takes place from late Feb, but mostly in Mar-Apr. There are sedentary populations in the British Isles, W, SW and S Europe - the latter three regions receive most of the migrants originating from N, C and partly E Europe. Long-distance recoveries from SE Europe are almost lacking, this region possibly holds wintering birds primarily from N European Russia.

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Migratory and resident strategies may both occur in any population (Csörgö et al. 2001, Bønløkke et al. 2006, Bairlein et al. 2014). Birds from the migratory populations start dispersing as early as late summer, with most autumn migration in early to mid-autumn. In N Ukraine the species migrates in autumn almost equally to W & SW, based on visual data (Khymyn 2020). In C Europe autumn migration lasts from mid-Aug to mid-Nov, progressing N to S at a rate of 50-60 km/day (Hudde & Vohwinkel 1997). The migrants from N, C and to some extent E Europe join the local resident populations in W & S Europe during winter. Wintering sites are occupied until early to mid-spring, when return migration begins. N European populations undertake the longest migrations on the continent. The Black Sea region mountain populations undertake mostly local altitudinal movements. 

Recuperaciones por condición para Curruca zarcera

Overall, most (>95%) recoveries are of birds captured alive, usually recaptures by ringers. However, most recoveries before 1961 were of birds found dead (shot 15%, other dead, sick or wounded ~40%). This pattern clearly changed during 1961-1990, and from 1991 to present very few birds are found dead, with 97% of recoveries being of birds recaptured alive in ringing programs.

Movimientos anuales para Curruca zarcera

Autumn migration starts in Aug and is widespread across Europe in Aug-Sep, with fewer encounters in Europe in Oct. In S Europe/N Africa, birds gain enough fuel to cross the Sahara (Schaub & Jenni 2000). Encounters in the sub-Saharan belt are mostly from Nov-Apr (some even in May). Spring passage in Europe is cledar in Apr, continuing into May. Birds arrive on the Scandinavian breeding quarters in May, but arrive several weeks earlier in S Europe.

Conectividad por mes por región para Curruca zarcera

W populations pass over W France in Aug and Iberia in Aug-Sep, with recoveries in W Africa mostly in Sep-Apr. Encounters suggest a loop migration, with a more W flyway in autumn, and more E (E Iberia, W Mediterranean) in spring, a relatively common phenomenon in other trans-Saharan migrants. Scandinavian birds concentrate in SE Europe/N Egyptian coast in Sep-Oct, but there are many more recoveries in C Mediterranean in spring, mostly Apr-May, which would also suggest loop migration, but opposite to what is seen for the W European populations.

Recuperaciones por condición para Ánsar careto

As for other hunted grey geese, we observe a classical switch from mainly dead recoveries (89%) before 1960 to mainly colour mark reads today (85%), though dead recoveries still the second recovery condition (14%). The large amount of alive recoveries thanks to colour marking in the 2000s drives the general pattern of live re-encounters.

Movimientos anuales para Ánsar careto

Two wintering families tagged in the Netherlands moved above the continent, with stopovers in Belarus, then moved along the Arctic coast to reach the Taymyr (Kölzsch et al. 2020). Birds tagged in the lower countries in winter migrated to Western siberia and took considerably longer for spring migration (83 days) than autumn migration (42 days) (Kölzsch et al. 2016). Birds tagged in winter in Hungary migrated eastward north of the Black Sea, above North Kazakhstan before turning North to reach the Taymyr. This difference in duration was mainly determined by time spent at stopovers. Tracked flavirostris wintering in Ireland and Scotland departed during the last days of March / first decade of April to reach Iceland where they refuelled, and left Iceland for Greenland during the first week of May, arriving on their breeding grounds two days later.

Conectividad por mes por región para Ánsar careto

Northwest movements of Siberian birds wintering in the Low Countries start at the end of February, with an obvious concentration of recoveries during April in Central Europe, and moves along the Russian arctic coast in May. Return migration starts in September but occurs mainly in October over Central Europe, with winterers almost all arrived in the lower countries by the end of the month (Kölzsch et al. 2016). Greenland flavirostris is present in Iceland late August-late November, with most present from mid-September to early November.

Recuperaciones por condición para Gavilán común

Until 1960 80% of the recoveries were dead birds, including 39% shot birds. From 1961 to 1990 64% concerned dead birds, including 5,2% shot birds. From 1991 58% concerned dead birds, less than 1% was shot.
The hunting hotspots were in Belgium, N France and E Netherlands. Also many shot birds in W and S France, Spain, N Italy, Czechia, NW Germany and Denmark. Less hunting on the British Isles, S Fennoscandia, the Balkan, Greece and Turkey.

Movimientos anuales para Gavilán común

Year around there are hotspots in the S and C UK, Denmark and the Low Countries. From Nov - Jan there are also hotspots in Switzerland and NW Germany; also many in France, SW and C Europe; fewer in Ireland, N UK, S Fennoscandia, the Balkan, Greece, Near East and NW Africa. In Feb - Mar numbers in S Europe decrease, no reports from NW Africa and Near East. In Apr- May numbers in S Fennoscandia increase, numbers in C Europe decrease; few birds in Spain, France and N Italy and no birds in the Balkan. In Sep - Oct numbers in S, C and E Europe and the Balkan increase again, numbers in Norway and Sweden decrease. In Nov hotspots in Switzerland and NW Germany are growing, numbers in Finland decrease.

Conectividad por mes por región para Gavilán común

Fennoscandian and Danish breeders are most found in the Low Countries (Aug - Mar); also many in France and C Europe (Aug - Mar); fewer in the UK (Sep - Mar), Spain (Nov - Apr), Italy (Oct - Mar), the Balkan, Greece and Turkey (Sep - Mar). UK breeders are found in Denmark (Oct - Feb), the Low Countries (Oct - Nov), France (Oct - Jan) and Ireland (Dec - Jan). Breeders of the Low Countries are most found in France (Sep - Mar), Spain (Sep - Apr) and few in Germany (Oct - Feb), Denmark (Oct), S Sweden (Sep - Oct) and Morocco (Jan). Breeders of C and E Europe are most found in W and SW Europe (Sep - May), less in Italy (Oct - Mar), the Balkan (Oct - Jan) and NW Africa (Dec - Jan). From E Europe also recoveries in Greece (Feb) and Israël (Jan).

Recuperaciones por condición para Pato mandarín

Most recoveries (>97%) are of birds seen alive and identified by their metal ring or colour marks. In contrast to other duck species, there are few recoveries from shooting before 1991 (~ 7%), when most recoveries were of birds intentionally taken (84%), probably for waterfowl collections, parks and zoos (Van Kleunen & Lemaire 2014); since 1991 fewer than 1% of recoveries are intentionally taken.

Movimientos anuales para Pato mandarín

Dispersal starts in Jul-Aug. Birds making longer-distance movements seem to reach their wintering sites rapidly, as early as Aug-Sep. Wintering reported at least up to Jan, with most recoveries being found between 50°-55° N.

Conectividad por mes por región para Pato mandarín

NW population starts post-fledging/post-breeding dispersal in Jul/Aug - there is a recovery in the Bay of Biscay in Aug of a bird ringed in the British Isles. Recoveries of two adult males ringed in the British Isles and shot in Russia in Apr and Oct show that the British Isles host wintering birds from NE Europe. The Scandinavian population largely winters from S Scandinavia to the British Isles, with recoveries in what are presumably the winter quarters from Sep to Jan. Recoveries in Central Europe occur mostly in Sep and may be of birds still on passage.

Recuperaciones por condición para Azor común

Overall, most recoveries due to dead birds (ca. 73%). The proportion of deaths caused by shooting has sharply decreased with time, being 48% before 1960, 26% between 1961-1990 and only 2.8% from 1991- to present. Even though the proportion of birds found alive is increasing with time (9.1% before 1961; 17.4% between 1961-1990; 29.3% from 1991-to present), the proportion of dead recoveries is still higher (ca.64% from 1991- to present).

Movimientos anuales para Azor común

Post-fledging and partial migration of N European population begins in Aug-Sep, across a NE-SW axis. The rest of populations are sedentary and they show short-range movements (usually <100 km) all year-round with a post-breeding peak.

Conectividad por mes por región para Azor común

Overall, outstanding peak of ringing data in Jun (most goshawks ringed as nestlings). In N Europe, juvenile dispersion or partial migration begins in Aug-Sept, following a SW axis to S Escandinavia (S Sweden, Denmark). Few data in spring, so it is sometimes difficult to separate what are true migratory movements from what could be natal or breeding dispersals (Rutz et al. 2006). Individuals from the rest of the European ringing regions does not seem to show clear temporal movement patterns.