Contrôles par Condition for Nette rousse

Game species in Spain, France, Russia and Azerbaijan (Defos du Rau, Perennou, 2007). The recoveries based on alive and dead birds have almost equal share over time (48 vs. 49.4%). However, dead bird recoveries (mostly shot) heavily predominated in the past (73% pre-1960 and about 85% during 1961-1990), while they formed only 18.4% after 1991. Inversely, during the last three decades about 81% of all recoveries are based on alive birds – mostly identified from a distance (nasal tags and metal rings read in the field). Most alive bird recoveries come from Switzerland, France and The Netherlands.

Three regions are responsible for ca. 75% of all encounters – C, SW and W Europe.

Most encounters obtained in three “waves” – early 1960s, mid-1980s and mid-2010s, depending on the running projects.

Annual Movements for Nette rousse

Some populations undertake post-breeding moult migrations to places distant from the breeding sites (Madge, Burn, 1988). The species undergoes a flightless wing-moulting period in late summer, females moulting a month later than males and non-breeders (Scott, Rose, 1996). Timing of migratory movements is rather consistent across migratory populations within Europe. In autumn some movements take place in Sep-Oct, but the main migration occurs mostly in early Nov and the wintering grounds are usually reached by Dec. Spring migration takes place in Feb-Mar, most breeding sites are reached by Apr (or early May in the northernmost parts of the range – SW Siberia).

The resident populations in SW and C Europe, as well as in the UK, are locally dispersive; the latter is considered feral.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Nette rousse

Weather conditions determine strong fluctuations and dynamic movements between breeding, moulting and wintering sites (Keller et al. 2020). During winter the species could either form big concentrations or be highly dispersed (Scott, Rose, 1996).

Breeding birds from C, N & W Europe are encountered from late autumn until early spring mostly in the W Mediterranean region, less often – along the Atlantic Coast and the big pre-alpine lakes. Local breeders on the Iberian Peninsula undertake short within-region movements to coastal waters or inland wetlands for wintering. Post-breeding dispersal of the birds from the Black & Caspian Sea regions starts in late summer, later on they are found wintering locally or in the E Mediterranean. Birds ringed in late summer at the Caspian Sea have been found in SW Siberia during breeding season.

Contrôles par Condition for Macreuse noire

Almost only dead recoveries for this species, mostly beach wrecks, including oiled birds, but also hunted (8%), with anecdotical live ring recoveries (1%), all obtained before 1960. Dead recoveries mainly obtained since the 1990s, with half of them obtained in 1996, the year of the Sea Empress oil spill off Pembrokeshire (but oil victims represent ‘only’ 8% of all recoveries). Dead ring recoveries means that GPS tracks provide a different appraisal of the migration schedule because they provide multiple sightings for each individual, while dead recovery provide only singles, definitely.

Annual Movements for Macreuse noire

Only few tracking projects undergone, tagging birds off the Baltic states and in the North Sea. Interesting track for an individual arrived on the breeding grounds, east of the Pechora river, at the end of May and left in the first decade of August. Most of May and August spent at stopovers in the Barents Sea and in Estonia. The departure from the Danish wintering ground occurred in the first week of April, the return in autumn in the last decade of September.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Macreuse noire

First resightings on breeding grounds noted in May in Scandinavia, in Jun in Far East Russia. Still ring recoveries in Finland and the Baltic Sea from Oct to Dec, but Jan-Mar records mainly restricted to the North Sea and British Isles.  Some birds summer down to NW Europe where ring recoveries are scattered along the year. A few extralimital records in Croatia and S Spain. More precise information can be obtained from recent GPS tracking efforts on the species.

Contrôles par Condition for Aigle impérial

Almost no recoveries before 1990, of mostly dead birds. Half of recoveries are of live birds after 1990, with an increase in recovery numbers in the 2000s.

Annual Movements for Aigle impérial

Imperial Eagle. Six adult birds tagged on their wintering grounds in Saudi Arabia migrated to Russia (4), Kazakhstan and China. The distances between the summer home ranges and the wintering areas ranged between 3,900 and 5,000 kilometres (Meyburg and Meuburg 2010).

Juvenile Spanish Eagles often move to Morocco during post-fledging dispersal, and tracking data might document this.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Aigle impérial

Imperial Eagle. Recoveries on the wintering grounds range from November to March, though there are numerous recoveries within the breeding range all along the year. Recoveries outside the usual flyway, in West or South-West Europe, have been obtained in September and October.

Spanish Eagle. Most recoveries are of juveniles dispersing at short distances from their nest within a few months after fledging.

Contrôles par Condition for Rollier d’Europe

Most old recoveries are of dead birds, even until 1990. Afterwards, a classical shift towards live recoveries is observed (~75%), including reads of colour rings and live recaptures. There are also unusual numbers of dead recoveries of electrocuted individuals.

Annual Movements for Rollier d’Europe

Rollers display a broad-front migration across the Mediterranean Basin in autumn and eastern populations visit the Arabian Peninsula in spring. Autumn movements were, on average, in a more southerly direction for juveniles than adults, which were more easterly.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Rollier d’Europe

Most en route recoveries are from April and September in North Africa and the Middle East. Breeding sites are occupied from May to August, though there are some dispersal movements at the end of the summer before the start of the southward migration at the end of the August / beginning of September. Birds from Central Europe, where most of the ringing effort occurred, are in northern Egypt as early as the last days of August. In the Middle East, most spring recoveries are obtained in the second half of April. The juveniles seem to leave the breeding range later than the adults. Recent tracking data provide more detailed phenology of migration.

Contrôles par Condition for Labbe à longue queue

The one bird was encountered dead.

Annual Movements for Labbe à longue queue

Long-tailed Skuas migrate away from the breeding grounds in July-August to an important stopover in the middle of the Northern Atlantic, which is utilized during September (Davies et al. 2021). From October onwards, birds migrate to the wintering grounds and can use multiple areas during a single winter. Migration towards the breeding grounds is initiated in late April.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Labbe à longue queue

The one bird was ringed in July and recovered in August during southward migration.

Contrôles par Condition for Mouette pygmée

Overall, half of this species recoveries (ca.49%) are due to birds found dead, sick or wounded, and 35% are birds seen alive (ringing recoveries). The proportion of dead recoveries has always been high, no less than 47% in any of the three chief time periods. The proportion of ringing recoveries reached a peak in 1961-1990 time period (ca. 40%), then decreasing to 18% from 1990 to present, where the alive recoveries other than from ringing or identified by other means, increased up to 30%.

Annual Movements for Mouette pygmée

First-year birds start to migrate earlier than adults (already in Jul, peaking mid Aug/mid Sep). Post-breeding migration starts in late Aug until early Nov, according to literature, concentrations at specific moulting places before resuming their autumn S/SW-ward movements (Olsen & Larsson 2004). Arrival back to breeding sites in Finland / Baltic area in late Apr/ May. Spring migration takes place very rapidly (Schwemmer & Garthe 2006).

Connectivité par mois par région pour Mouette pygmée

Phenological pattern similar to all populations; see then the 'Annual movements' section. 

Contrôles par Condition for Cormoran pygmée

Currently protected species in Europe. Most encounters are obtained after 2013 (ca. 36%). They are spread throughout the whole year but the majority are from the breeding season (in Jun ca. 33%). Due to colour-ringing projects the number of encounters increased considerably over the years – 77% of all are based on alive birds after 1991 (primarily from Hungary). The encounters based on dead birds (primarily as a result of shooting) markedly decreased from 100% before 1960 and 70% in 1961-1990 to ca. 20% after 1991. The level of importance of drowning in fishing nets as a negative factor was previously considered unknown (Crivelli et al. 1996), but ringing encounters could be of use providing additional data (ca. 6% of all cases after 1991).

The overall sample size contains very limited number of encounters.

Annual Movements for Cormoran pygmée

Birds from the N Italian population have been encountered wintering - mostly Dec-Feb (range Oct-Mar), close to and N from their colonies. Hungarian breeders have been encountered between Aug and Jan within the country, as well as in some neighbouring countries during autumn (Oct, Slovenia) and spring migration (Apr, Croatia). Birds breeding in Serbia along the Danube have been encountered (1) further SE downstream (Sep, Romania) and W Bulgaria (Apr), (2) or W upstream Sava River (Oct) and (3) further S, in Albania (Dec). Danube Delta breeders take SW routes to overwinter along the Adriatic coast (Nov, Montenegro) or inland (Dec, Doiran Lake). Birds breeding in Dagestan (Russia) and Azerbaijan overwinter mostly locally – along the SW & S Caspian coast or on inland wetlands (Ilichev 1978).

Connectivité par mois par région pour Cormoran pygmée

Post-breeding dispersal and autumn migration are evident from late summer, the wintering sites are normally reached in late autumn – early winter.

The movements towards the wintering sites on the Balkan Peninsula (both along the coasts and inland wetlands) could follow SW, S & SE directions to lower latitudes. On the opposite, in N Italy migration further N from the breeding grounds has been recorded. The Caspian Sea region involves migratory movements mostly along the N-S axis. Breeding sites are occupied normally early- to mid-spring.

Birds marked in just four countries responsible for the small number of encounters (Hungary, Italy, Serbia and Azerbaijan).

Contrôles par Condition for Aigle botté

Mostly dead recoveries, obtained after 1960, while live recoveries represent 3% before 1990, 20% after. So the observed pattern rely on birds that failed to survive or were killed.

Annual Movements for Aigle botté

Concerning long-distance migratory individuals, tracked Spanish birds took three to four weeks to reach the wintering grounds; from mid-September to mid-October in autumn, and mainly in March in spring (Urios et al. 2017). After passing the straits of Gibraltar, the migration routes are continental, crossing the Sahara across a large belt, from eastern Mauritania to western Niger, wintering from Mali to Chad, north of the tropical forest belt (Urios et al. 2017). A breeding female from France migrated to the same Nigerian region in successive years, arriving and initiating migrations at similar dates, shifting from a first to a second wintering range during the winter (Chevallier et al. 2010).

Connectivité par mois par région pour Aigle botté

Recoveries of South-West birds in Sahelian Africa range from December to April, while there are recoveries in Iberia all along the year, attesting the residency or short-distance movements of some individuals. But long-distance movements are not the majority because their detectability if far lower. There are two unusual recoveries in Africa in July. There is no preferential months for recoveries of Spanish just across the Straits of Gibraltar, so the potential migration timing there is hidden by short-distance dispersal along the year.

Contrôles par Condition for Butor étoilé

Majority of encounters are of dead birds, one quarter shot, mainly in France. Dead, sick or wounded birds mainly in Netherlands, presumably wintering birds found or taken in during cold weather. Very few ringing recoveries. Proportion live re-encounters higher after 1991, almost one-third refers to birds alive, identified by other means.

Annual Movements for Butor étoilé

From November to February all encounters concentrated in low countries, UK, France, occasionally Central Europe. From end March first movement towards NE apparent with scattered encounters in Fennoscandia and Baltic states. By May, many encounters in E Germany and Poland, stretching into June, when also most encounters in Fennoscandia are concentrated. In August and early September scattered encounters all over Europe, possibly due to post-breeding (natal) dispersal. Few encounters in September, southernmost locations reached in October.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Butor étoilé

Birds in June, July in N Europe predominantly re-encountered in December in UK, France, Spain and Italy. Few birds that move South re-encountered in Aug-Oct in Russia, suggesting passage with wintering areas in Middle East and Africa, where undetected. Birds in June, July in C. Europa in low countries and France in December. Birds outside breeding season in N. and C Europe re-encountered close-by in winter. UK breeders remain in UK. Birds in S.C. in winter all re-encountered in June in C. and N. Europe. Birds in W. Europe in June, July in France and UK Oct-Jan, or close-by in all months, but tracking study revealed some birds cross Sahara (van der Winden et al 2020). Birds in winter in W. Europe re-encountered in June in Sweden, Finland, few C. and E. Europe. Shorter winter movements within region.

Contrôles par Condition for Ibis falcinelle

Overall, most (>55%) recoveries are due to the identification of birds with leg ring(s). For instance, from 1996 to 2011 more than 15000 chicks were ringed in Doñana (Spain), and almost 10000 of these birds were resighted (Santoro et al. 2013). Recoveries before 1990, however, mostly came from shooting or unknown conditions. From 1990 to present, ca. 70% of the recoveries are due to leg rings. This difference between periods (before/after 1990) is also due to the fact that the population was very small until recent times. Thus, the increase and expansion of the population and the generalization of the use of leg rings in many breeding colonies is allowing the collection of a very high number of recoveries throughout much of the breeding and non-breeding range of the species in Europe and, to a lesser extent, Africa as well.

Annual Movements for Ibis falcinelle

Dispersal begins in Jul/Aug and does not vary between age classes or sexes; in SW Europe, dispersal is reported to increase with droughts (Santoro et al. 2013). Resident strategies also detected.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Ibis falcinelle

The C/E European birds start their post-fledging/post-breeding movements in Jul, and the winter destinations are reached already from Sep. Movements to breeding sites detected from Mar. In Apr-May, birds can still remain in NE Africa (Nile Valley). Starting of the post-fledging/post-breeding dispersals of SW birds shows a pattern similar to that observed for the C/E European populations. Recoveries in NW Africa or as far as UK or some places from C/E Europe from Aug onwards. Some relatively distant recoveries in summer indicate natal dispersal which supports some degree of genetic flow between W and E populations (Santoro et al. 2019).