Callum Macgregor

Small warbler, feeds on insects and spiders; in autumn also berries. Nominate trochilus: W Europe to S Poland and Romania; acredula: Scandinavia to Siberia (Yenisey River); yakutensis: E Siberia (Taymyr Peninsula to Anadyr River). Unlike similar Chiffchaff P. collybita, extends widely into arctic but only marginally into Mediterranean region. Differs in being a bird less of mature woodland than of scrub, second growth, and transitions to more open habitats. Although the population is decreasing, the population is large enough to assign the status of Least Concern. All populations migratory, wintering extensively in sub-Saharan Africa from S Sénégal east to Ethiopia, south to South Africa.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendDecreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		106000000-161000000,130000000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Carte

Connectivité globale pour Pouillot fitis

S. Fennoscandian birds allegedly belonging to trochilus move NE - SW: recoveries in W and SW Europe, S UK and W Africa; alledged acredula move N - S: recoveries in C Europe, Italy and C Africa; and NW – SE to E and SE Europe, Turkey, Near East, Egypt and E Africa. Migratory divide across central Scandinavia diffuse and genetic differentiation is small (Bensch et al. 1999). Few birds move E - W, found in Iceland, Shetlands and Faroer. From UK and Ireland birds move NNW - SSE, found W Europe, Iberia and W Africa. Birds from W Europe mainly move NE - SW, recoveries in Iberia and W Africa; a minority move NNW - SSE, recoveries C Europe, Italy, E Algeria, Tunesia and C Africa. Birds from C and E Europe show directions from NE - SW to NW – SE, but from C Europe there are only recoveries in W Africa and from E Europe only in E Africa.

Contrôles par Condition for Pouillot fitis

Until 1960 52% of the recoveries were dead birds: 8% were shot and 2,8% intentionally taken. From 1961 to 1990 11% concerned dead birds: 1% was shot and 0,4% was intentionally taken. From 1991 almost all recoveries concerned alive birds. Most dead birds were intentionally taken or shot in Portugal, N Spain and N Italy; also around the Mediaranean E coast and in NW, W, C and SE Africa.

Annual Movements for Pouillot fitis

In Nov - Feb birds are found in W, C and SE Africa, but also in Europe and NW Africa. In Mar numbers in NW Africa and Europe increase. In Apr hotspots are in the UK, the Low Countries and C Europe, also many birds in S Europe and NW Africa and first birds in S Fennoscandia; there are still birds in W and SE Africa and in Near East. In May - Jul most birds are in the UK, NW Europe and S Fennoscandia; less birds in N Fennoscandia and S Europe. In Aug - Sep numbers in SW Europe and N Italy increase, first birds in NW Africa, SE Europe, Near East and Egypt. In Oct numbers most birds have left Fennoscandia, still birds in Europe, most in the Low Countries, N Italy, Portugal and Spain; also in NW Africa, Egypt and Near East; first birds in W, C and SE Africa.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Pouillot fitis

Fennoscandian birds are found in W Europe (Aug - Sep, Apr), SW Europe (Sep - Nov), E Spain, the Balearic Isles and S France (Apr - May), N Italy (Sep - Dec), S Italy (Apr - May), NW Africa (Sep - Dec, Mar - May), C and SE Europe, N Egypt (Sep - Oct), Near East (Sep - Oct, Feb - May) and in whole sub-Saharan Africa (Oct - Apr). Ireland and UK birds are found in SW Europe (Sep - Dec), E Spain and France (Feb - Apr), Switzerland (Apr), NW Africa (Sep - Oct, Mar - Apr) and W Africa (Oct - Apr). W Europe birds are found in Portugal and (W) Spain (Aug - Nov), E Spain, S France and Italy (Mar - May), NW Africa (Sep - May) and C Africa (Oct - Mar). Birds of C and E Europe are found in SW Europe (Aug - Oct), S Europe (Apr - May), NW Africa (Oct - Dec, Apr -May), W Africa (Mar - Apr).

Références

Statistiques Carte
Nombre de données Nombre d'individus Nombre de contrôles
Données cartographiées*
Données totales disponibles
*Données cartographiées avec des contrôles >= à 50 km
Références Carte
Bensch, S., Andersson, T., Åkesson, S.1999 . Morphological and molecular variation across a migratory divide in willow warblers, Phylloscopus trochilus. Evolution 53 Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04573.x) : 1925–1935

Retour à l'analyse

Michele Mendi

A polytypic Holarctic passerine, breeding from Iberia in W Europe to Alaska and Canada. Migratory, wintering ranges extended from SW Europe and Africa to SE Asia (Collar 2005). Six subspecies breed in Europe: L. s. azuricollis (Iberia only, Johnsen et al., 2006), namnetum (mostly Atlantic wetlands of France), cyanecula (from E France to Russia), svecica (N Scandinavia to N Russia), volgae (from E Ukraine to Russia), magna (Caucasus).

Season of assessment

B

Population trendStable
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		7930000-14800000,10900000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Carte

Connectivité globale pour Gorgebleue à miroir

Two main migratory axes; SW (namnetum, cyanecula, azuricollIs) (Arizaga & Tamayo 2013) or SE (svecica, magna, volgae) (Collar 2005). Subspecies azuricollis recently revealed to winter in W Africa (Lomas-Vega et al. 2019)., while namnetum migrates along the coast of N Iberia (Arizaga et al. 2006) to overwinter mainly in Portugal/N Africa (Zucca & Jiguet 2002) and cyanecula overwinters from S Europe to W Africa. Migration is on a broad front, although there is some connectivity: Bluethroats breeding further east were also located further east during autumn migration, winter and spring. There are few data for svecica  outside Scandinavia, but recoveries spread across a NW-SE axis, across to India. Studies with geolocators confirm an Indo-European flyway (Lislevand et al. 2015). Few data for the E and Caucasian populations. There are few data for the E and Caucasian populations. Birds breeding in SE Russia/Caucasus have been recovered in Israel and the E Mediterranean.

Contrôles par Condition for Gorgebleue à miroir

Most recoveries are of birds recaptured for ringing. Before 1960 ca. 15% of recoveries were of birds found dead, including those shot or sick/wounded.

Annual Movements for Gorgebleue à miroir

Birds leave the breeding quarters soon after breeding, mostly in Jul/Aug, up to Sep in very N populations (Lislevand et al. 2015). Passage in W Europe starts in mid-Aug, peaking in Sep (Arizaga et al. 2010). By Nov, most birds already found at their wintering sites. Spring migration starts in Mar, peaking in Apr in S/C Europe and also the Indo-European flyway-associated Bluethroats (Lislevand et al. 2015),  arrival on the northern European breeding grounds (Scandinavian birds) is in May; later than for the W/C European populations. Migratory speed seems to be slow, assessed to be <200 km/day (including stopovers; Lislevand et al. 2015), though probably much faster in spring (Lomas-Vega et al. 2019).

Connectivité par mois par région pour Gorgebleue à miroir

There are fewer recoveries during spring migration than in autumn. Autumn recoveries There are fewer recoveries during spring migration than in autumn. Autumn recoveries cyanecula are common both on the Atlantic and the Mediterranean coasts of W/C Europe, while in spring most recoveries show a Mediterranean–biased distribution, suggesting loop migration at least in this subspecies are common both on the Atlantic and the Mediterranean coasts of W/C Europe, while in spring most recoveries show a Mediterranean–biased distribution, suggesting loop migration at least in this subspecies (Arizaga & Tamayo 2013). In autumn, svecica moves through C Asia from Sep to Oct/Nov; reaching India from late Sep to Oct/Nov (Lislevand et al. 2015).

Références

Statistiques Carte
Nombre de données Nombre d'individus Nombre de contrôles
Données cartographiées*
Données totales disponibles
*Données cartographiées avec des contrôles >= à 50 km
Références Carte
Arizaga, J., Alonso, D., Campos, F., Unamuno, J. M., Monteagudo, A., Fernandez, G., Carregal, X. M., Barba, E.2006 . ¿Muestra el pechiazul Luscinia svecica en España una segregación geográfica en el paso posnupcial a nivel de subespecie?. Ardeola 53: 285–291
Arizaga, J., Barba, E., Alonso, D., Vilches, A.2010 . Stopover of bluethroats Luscina svecica cyanecula in northern Iberia during the autumn migration period. Ardeola 57: 69–85
Arizaga, J., Tamayo, I.2013 . Connectivity patterns and key non–breeding areas of white–throated bluethroat (Luscinia svecica) European populations. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 36: 69–78
Collar, N. J.2005 . Family Turdidae (Thrushes). In: Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol 10. Lynx, BarcelonaEditor(s): Del Hoyo, J., Elliot, A., Christie, D. A.: 514–807
Johnsen, A., Andersson, S., Garcia Fernandez, J., Kempenaers, B., Pavel, V., Questiau, S., Raess, M., Rindal, E., Lifjeld, J. T.2006 . Molecular and phenotypic divergence in the bluethroat Luscinia svecica subspecies complex. Molecular Ecology 15: 4033–4047
Lislevand, T., Chutný, B., Byrkjedal, I., Pavel, V., Briedis, M., Adamik, P., Hahn, S.2015 . Red-spotted Bluethroats Luscinia s. svecica migrate along the Indo-European flyway: a geolocator study. Bird Study 62: 508–515
Lomas-Vega, M., Willemoes, M., Arizaga, J., Onrubia, A., Cuenca, D., Alonso, D., Torralvo, C., Tøttrup, A. P., Thorup, K.2019 . Migration Strategies of Iberian Breeding White-Rumped Swifts Apus caffer, Rufous-Tailed Scrub-Robins Cercotrichas galactotes and Bluethroats Cyanecula svecica. Ardeola 66: 51–64
Zucca, M., Jiguet, F2002 . La Gorgebleue à miroir (Luscina svecica) en France: nidification, migration et hivernage. Ornithos 9: 242–252

Retour à l'analyse

Michele Mendi

Polytypic species with large breeding range, from W Europe to C Asia and the Himalayas; also in NW Africa (BirdLife International 2021). Fairly resident, post-breeding dispersal or short-range migrations documented for those birds/population which breed mostly in Scandinavia/N Rusia (Tyler & Ormerod 1994). Associated to well-oxigenated rivers with stone beds (Tyler & Ormerod 1994).

Season of assessment

B

Population trendDecreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		222000-547000,335000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Carte

Connectivité globale pour Cincle plongeur

Most regions show relatively short-range movements (<200 km), with the exceptions of Central, N and E Europe, where displacements of up to ca. 1000 km can be detected (though most obtained at less than 200 km). Thus, it is a majorly sedentary species, so recoveries show local natal or breeding dispersal patterns, rather than true migrations. Largest movements due to Fennoscandian populations, which move south/south-east in autumn, mostly to overwinter within the circum-Baltic region, also (more exceptionally) to Britain. In Spain, most recoveries (ca. 90%) obtained within <10 km, and only one recovery of >100 km (a bird ringed in Belgium) (Regla & Arizaga 2016). This is a general rule for the W and S populations (Tyler & Ormerod 1994, Spina & Volponi 2009).

Contrôles par Condition for Cincle plongeur

Overall, most recoveries (>90%) due to birds found alive, both recaptured for ringing and identified by other means, like leg ring(s). Before 1960, still a remarkable fraction (ca. 25%) of the birds was due to individuals encountered dead, sick or wounded. From 1990 to present, this fraction is absolutely marginal, so most recoveries come from birds encountered alive, either recaptured or identified by other means.

Annual Movements for Cincle plongeur

Natal dispersal in resident populations starts soon after young emancipate, and the timing for that can vary with altitude and latitude. In Fennoscandia, most birds found at their winter quarters by Oct, up to Mar/Apr.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Cincle plongeur

Most populations remain in the same zone for the whole annual cycle. Adults normally show high fidelity to breeding site (e.g., Tyler et al. 1990), whilst first-year birds show some degree of natal dispersal which, in addition, is greater in females (Tyler et al. 1990). Many Fennoscandian dippers abandon their breeding sites by Oct, as soon as water bodies where they live freeze. They then mostly occupy the circum-Baltic region. Return to breeding quarters patent in Apr; by May most birds are found at their breeding sites. In S Europe, where the birds breed associated to mountain ranges, altitudinal movements common (Tyler & Ormerod 1994). 

Références

Statistiques Carte
Nombre de données Nombre d'individus Nombre de contrôles
Données cartographiées*
Données totales disponibles
*Données cartographiées avec des contrôles >= à 50 km
Références Carte
BirdLife International 2021 . Species factsheet: Cinclus cinclus.
Regla, M., Arizaga, J.2016 . Patrones de movimiento del mirlo acuático Cinclus cinclus L., 1758 en España: análisis de recapturas. Munibe 64: 41–51
Spina, F., Volponi, S.2009 . Atlante della migrazione degli uccelli in Italia. Vol. 2: Passeriformi. ISPRA-MATTM, Roma
Tyler, S. J., Ormerod, S. J.1994 . The Dippers. T & A. D. Poyser, London
Tyler, S. J., Ormerod, S., Lewis, J. M. S.1990 . The post-natal and breeding dispersal of Welsh dippers Cinclus cinclus. Bird Study 37: 18–23

Retour à l'analyse

Michele Mendi

Large and powerful finch breeding over much of Europe from C Sweden, S Finland far into Russia, S to S France to Greece, C. Spain. Race buvryi in NWAfrica, nigricans Crimea, Caucasus. Sedentary, locally dispersive or partially migratory in Europe. Prefers broadleaved woodland; reaches highest densities in broadleaved forests in UK (Kirby et al 2015), also in mixed forest, parks and gardens; orchards, olive groves, steppe-woodlands and thorn thickets in S. Diet predominantly seeds, buds and shoots of trees and shrubs, nestlings fed with small invertebrates. 2,600,000-5,070,000 breeding pairs in Europe, moderately increasing.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendIncreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		7280000-12100000,9290000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Carte

Connectivité globale pour Gros-bec casse-noyaux

Predominant direction of movement from NE to SW-W, with British population largely sedentary, N populations moving SSW, and most SE European birds moving due W to Italy. Birds from Fennoscandia and Baltic show longest movements. N Italy and S France receive bulk of migrating and wintering birds from C and E Europe and act as a hotspot in Oct-Dec, but may be biased because of high hunting pressure. Few birds on autumn migration in C Europe and Italy reached Morocco, Algeria or Tunisia. Shows signs of irruptive migration and numbers wintering in Italy vary greatly (Schmidt & Gatter 1986; Newton 2006).

Contrôles par Condition for Gros-bec casse-noyaux

Some 13% of reencounters are ring recoveries, most frequent in Belgium, E Germany, Czech republic, Slovakia and Hungary, and N Italy. One third refer to birds that were shot or intentionally taken, mainly in Italy and S France, but this has stopped completely after 1990, while the importance of ringing recoveries increased. Another third refer to birds that were found dead from other causes, and these arse spread evenly across the entire range.

Annual Movements for Gros-bec casse-noyaux

Band of recoveries from Belgium, Germany, SE to Czech Republic and Hungary in Jan-Aug represents main European breeding area, where birds present year-round. From mid Sep to end Dec eye-catching concentration directly S of Alps in Italy, and C Italy and S France, with highest density in Oct, probably related to large-scale hunting. fading out in Jan-Mar. Italy vacated in Apr, no birds present in May-Aug. Fennoscandia has most birds present in Feb-Jun, fewer in other months.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Gros-bec casse-noyaux

Most birds in N Europe caught Jan-May, connecting to British Isles Mar-Apr, N. Germany, Netherlands Sep-Mar, and to S France, Italy Oct-Feb. Fewer birds in Jun-Dec, connecting shorter distances in all months and directions. E European birds mainly caught Apr-May and Aug-Oct in Baltic, connecting to C Europe, France and Italy in Oct-Apr. Birds in C Europe in Apr-Sep connect from a band stretching from N Germany to Hungary, to S France and N and C Italy in Oct-Dec, with Eastern birds connecting strongly to Italy (Halmos & Csörgő 1999), western birds to France. Mixed pattern in Oct-Mar with birds moving NE within region, or continuing to Fennoscandia, Baltic or further in May-Aug. SW Europe attracts birds from C Europe in Oct-Jan, fewer Feb-Apr. Very few connections in May-Sep, within the region or to C Europe.

Références

Statistiques Carte
Nombre de données Nombre d'individus Nombre de contrôles
Données cartographiées*
Données totales disponibles
*Données cartographiées avec des contrôles >= à 50 km
Références Carte
Halmos, G., Csörgő, T.1999 . Migration and wintering of finches (Fringillidae) in the Carpathian Basin according to foreign recoveries. Ornis Hungarica 8: 1–12
Kirby, W.B., Bellamy, P.E., Stanbury, A.J., Bladon, A.J., Grice, P.V., Gillings, S.2015 . Breeding season habitat associations and population declines of British Hawfinches Coccothraustes coccothraustes. Bird Study 62 Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2015.1046368) : 348–357
Newton, I.2006 . Advances in the study of irruptive migration. Ardea 94: 433–460
Schmid, U. Gatter, W.1986 . The influence of irruptions on the flock pattern of migrating hawfinches coccothraustes coccothraustes. Vogelwarte 33: 335–338

Retour à l'analyse

Aron Tanti

Small swallow found in open areas, breeding on cliffs and in human habitations, including towns and cities. Breeds over most of Europe and in NW Africa. Builds nest made of mud pellets attached to the outside of a building or a bridge, occasionally also natural sea cliffs or rock face. Feeds almost entirely on flying insects that are taken by aerial-pursuit. Fully migratory, with European birds wintering south of the Sahara. European population 11,200,000-23,600,000 breeding pairs, decreasing.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendStable
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		23000000-48100000,33000000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Carte

Connectivité globale pour Hirondelle de fenêtre

Nearly all connections are N-S oriented, with some variation. UK birds move more towards SE, W. European birds more SW. Pattern suggestive of connectivity between breeding and wintering locations with NW and W European birds crossing mainly from Iberia, C., N. and E. European birds moving through Italy and Greece. NW and W. European birds have just one sub-Saharan connection each, both in Nigeria, but many more in N, C and E European birds, with wintering areas in S and C Africa. Stable isotope analyses point to wintering areas of W. European birds in West Africa (Hobson et al. 2012). Some eye-catching E-W connections, from Finland to Faroe Islands, and from Denmark to Russia.

Contrôles par Condition for Hirondelle de fenêtre

Most re-encounter of house martins, 82%, are ring recoveries, and a further 7% were other alive encounters. Contrary to many other species, just 10% refers to dead birds, probably due to their aerial lifestyle during the non-breeding season. Most ring recoveries are from UK, the low countries and Eastern Germany, few scattered in other regions. Reports of dead birds equally spread throughout the area. Most shot birds in France and Italy.

Annual Movements for Hirondelle de fenêtre

From mid Nov to begin Feb encounters in Africa, and very few scattered around Europe. Already from end Feb number of encounters increase in Europe, but majority arrives end Apr through Iberia, Italy and Greece. Further increase begin May, Fennoscandia reached mid-May, northernmost locations mid Jun. Stable until mid Aug, sharp decline in Fennoscandia end Aug, vacated by mid Sep, when most birds concentrated in Southern half UK, W and C Europe. First half Oct hotspots in Switzerland and still Southern UK, en Oct few remain in Europe, last ones begin Nov.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Hirondelle de fenêtre

Birds during breeding in NW Europe in Jun-Aug connect to southern half of UK in Sep, and further S to France, Italy and Algeria in Oct or during spring migration Apr-May. Birds during breeding in W Europe in Jun-Aug connect to France, Spain and Switzerland in Oct, or around Mediterranean during spring in Mar-Jun. Birds in Sep-Oct in France connect to UK, low countries, Germany and Denmark in May-Jun. Breeding birds from N and E Europe in Jun-Aug connect to locations within the regions and to C Europe in the same period, to scattered locations in C. Europe and France in Sep-Oct, and to S. Africa and Zimbabwe mainly in Jan. Just two birds from NW and W Europe connect to Nigeria in Feb-Mar. Nearly all re-encounters in N. Africa are in Apr and connect to NW, W and C Europe in Jun-Aug.

Références

Statistiques Carte
Nombre de données Nombre d'individus Nombre de contrôles
Données cartographiées*
Données totales disponibles
*Données cartographiées avec des contrôles >= à 50 km
Références Carte
Hobson, K. A., Van Wilgenburg, S. L., Piersma, T., Wassenaar, L. I.2012 . Solving a migration riddle using isoscapes: House Martins from a Dutch village winter over West Africa. PloS one 7 article no.: e45005 Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045005)

Retour à l'analyse

Anne Cotton

Colonially breeding species, which occupies sparsely vegetated low-lying areas in exclusively coastal habitats, preferring sandy, muddy, gravelly or bare coral substrates. Widely, but patchily, distributed along the coasts of Europe, E North America, Caribbean region and South America (Shealer et al. 2020). European strongholds are in the Netherlands, the British Isles, Russia and Ukraine (Keller et al. 2020). Populations in Europe are migratory, the wintering grounds being largely in the Mediterranean region and along the coasts of W Africa.

Season of assessment

B

Population trendIncreasing
Population size
(min-max, best estimate)		160000-320000,258000
Red List categoryLC
Franks, S., Fiedler, W., Arizaga, J., Jiguet, F., Nikolov, B., van der Jeugd, Ambrosini, R, Aizpurua, O., Bairlein, F., Clark, J., Fattorini, N, Hammond, M., Higgins, D, Levering, H., Skellorn, W., Spina, F, Thorup, K. Walker, J., Woodward, I. and Baillie, S.R. (1) (2022) Online Atlas of the movements of European bird populations. https://migrationatlas.org EURING/CMS (1) Principal investigator
Carte

Connectivité globale pour Sterne caugek

Birds breeding in N, NW, W & C Europe migrate S & SW mostly along the Atlantic coast of W & SW Europe, to a lesser extent through the W & C Mediterranean. Multiple encounters of wintering birds are spread along the whole Atlantic coastline of W & S Africa, reaching the Indian Ocean close to Mozambique. Wintering birds are encountered in the Macaronesian islands (single stragglers) and even as far as North America. Very few birds from N & C Europe take SE routes towards the Black Sea region. SC European breeders (Italy) migrate and overwinter both in the Mediterranean and along the W & S Africa coasts. The Black Sea breeding population mainly migrates to the Mediterranean Sea during winter, moving E-W. A bird marked by the Caspian Sea was recovered during winter in Sri Lanka.

Contrôles par Condition for Sterne caugek

Most recoveries occur during the breeding season, peaking in Jun (ca. 42%). The bulk of encounters (ca. 80% in total) come from W  (32%), NW (17%), N (16%) and C Europe (15%). Recoveries of dead birds have  decreased over time: from 74%  before1961 to 14% since 1991; recoveries of live birds increased considerably from 9% before 1961 to 80% since 1991. The latter is mostly due to recaptures; especially metal rings read in the field and colour-ring resightings. Shooting was an important factor in the past (26% of all recoveries before 1961 and 6% 1961-1990). Birds have been locally trapped in W Africa by children using baited hooks or nooses (Wernham et al. 2002).

Annual Movements for Sterne caugek

The populations around the North Sea show no prevailing direction for post-breeding dispersal (Jul-Aug; Møller 1981a). There is pronounced autumn migration mainly from Aug and especially in Sep. The wintering grounds along the W & S African coasts (even the furthest ones, in S Africa; Tree 2011) are reached as early as Sep; overwintering birds are encountered until Mar-Apr. Many of them depend on the local upwellings for food provisioning (Møller 1981b). Some birds from NW, W & C Europe are encountered in C Mediterranean (Italy) in autumn (mainly Sep-Oct) and spring (Apr-May). Most birds breeding in the Black Sea region migrate to the Mediterranean Sea (from Spain to Israel), where are encountered mainly Oct-Mar; some continue as far as W & S Africa. Spring movements are mainly undertaken in Mar-Apr, sometimes until May.

Connectivité par mois par région pour Sterne caugek

Dispersal movements after the breeding season take place in mid- to late summer, migration is more evident from early autumn. Wintering birds in W & S Africa are encountered mostly between early autumn and mid-spring. Most first-year and some 2-3-year-old birds spend the summer in the winter quarters (Møller 1981b). Some birds from the populations around the North Sea migrate through Italy. The Black Sea breeding population moves E-W and overwinters mostly within the Mediterranean region (Popov et al. 2012), some birds reach the Canaries (Mar). Spring migration takes place mostly early to mid-spring. Spring movements from the wintering sites in Namibia to the colonies in the Netherlands last 30-45 days (Keijl 2003). Large-scale connectivity between NW European colonies has been suggested (Fijn et al. 2014).

Références

Statistiques Carte
Nombre de données Nombre d'individus Nombre de contrôles
Données cartographiées*
Données totales disponibles
*Données cartographiées avec des contrôles >= à 50 km
Références Carte
2020 . European Breeding Bird Atlas 2: Distribution, Abundance and Change. European Bird Census Council & Lynx Edicions, BarcelonaEditor(s): Keller, V., S. Herrando, P. Voříšek, et al.
2002 . The Migration Atlas: movements of the birds of Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser, LondonEditor(s): Wernham, C.V., Toms, M.P., Marchant, J.H., Clark, J.A., Siriwardena, G.M., Baillie, S.R.
Fijn, R. C., Wolf, P., Courtens, W., Verstraete, H.,. Stienen, E. W. M, Iliszko, L. & Poot, M. J. M.2014 . Post-breeding prospecting trips of adult Sandwich Terns Thalasseus sandvicensis. Bird Study 61: 566–571
Møller, A. P.1981 . The migration of European Sandwich Tems Sterna s. sandvicensis. I. Vogelwarte 31: 74–94
Møller, A. P.1981 . The migration of European Sandwich Tems Sterna s. sandvicensis. II. Vogelwarte 31: 149–168
Popov, D., Kirov, D., Zhelev, P.2012 . Results from Marking of Sandwich Terns (Sterna sandvicensis) with Colour Rings and Radio Transmitters at Pomorie Lake. Acta zoologica bulgarica : 147–154
Shealer, D., J. S. Liechty, A. R. Pierce, P. Pyle, and M. A. Patten2020 . Sandwich Tern (Thalasseus sandvicensis), version 1.0. In Birds of the World Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.santer1.01) Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA
Tree, A. J. 2011 . Origins, occurrence and movements of Sandwich Tern Thalasseus sandvicensis in southern Africa. Marine Ornithology 39: 173–181

Retour à l'analyse