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Bibliography
References
Adriaens, P., Gibbins, C.2016
. Identification of the Larus canus complex. Dutch Birding38: 1–64
Del Moral, J. C., De la Puente, J.2017
. Buitre negro – Aegypius monachus. In: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A., Morales, M. B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid
Pedersen , K.T. , Fritze, E.B. , Kharitonov, S.P. 2000
. Migration patterns of Common Gulls Larus canus ringed in the non‐breeding season in Copenhagen and the surrounding area. Ringing & Migration20: 97–106
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Breeds from Iceland to Kamchatka; populations vary from resident to migratory (Olsen & Larsson 2004). Up to to four (Adriaens & Gibbins 2016) subspecies recognized. The subspecies from Europe is the nominate one, though it may mix with L. c. henei in E Europe (E Baltic area) (Olsen & Larsson 2004).
Most recoveries obtained at (<2000 km), indicating that this species behaves as a short- to medium-distance migrant. Migration chiefly coastal. All populations that migrate show a main NE-SW migratory axis, suggesting that they all are part of a same population, with a high degree of sympatry in winter quarters (Pedersen et al. 2000). Most recoveries in winter distribute from Ireland-England to Baltic, also up to the Bay of Biscay, with some reaching S Europe (a rare bird in S Iberia and the W Mediterranean). Practically no recoveries in SE Europe and the Black Sea area, which is a wintering site for the L. c. henei subspecies (Olsen & Larsson 2004). An exceptional recovery of a bird ringed in Jul in The Netherlands, encountered in Guinea Gulf in Apr.
Most recoveries due to birds seen alive (ca.71%). 40% of recoveries identified by leg ring(s) and 19% with metal rings. Regarding the recovery condition by time periods, pre-1960 and 1961-1990 periods have similar patterns with a high majority of the recoveries due to birds found dead by sickness or wounded (52% and 55% in each period, respectively). Shots represent 34%, 18% and <1% of the recoveries for the periods here considered. Nowadays, a high majority of the recoveries are due to birds seen alive (77%) identified by other means (50% from leg rings).
Annual Movements for Common Gull
Autumn migration starts in Jun-Sep. Differential migration between age classes: breeding sites left first by subadults, followed by adults and, finally, first-years (Olsen & Larsson 2004). Wintering grounds already reached from Aug/Sep, up to the end of the winter. Spring migration mostly starts in Mar.
Connectivity by Month by Region for Common Gull
N European birds leave their breeding sites earlier than those from further E regions, giving rise to waves of passage in e.g. S Scandinavia (Olsen & Larsson 2004). Passage in S Scandinavia shows a first peak in Jul/Aug (adults) or Sep/Oct (first-years); then another peak is found in Oct/Nov, in this case linked to Russian birds (Olsen & Larsson 2004). Overall spring migration back to breeding quarters occurs in Mar/Apr. Breeding sites reached later with increasing latitude.
Adriaens, P., Gibbins, C.2016
. Identification of the Larus canus complex. Dutch Birding38: 1–64
Del Moral, J. C., De la Puente, J.2017
. Buitre negro – Aegypius monachus. In: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A., Morales, M. B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid
Pedersen , K.T. , Fritze, E.B. , Kharitonov, S.P. 2000
. Migration patterns of Common Gulls Larus canus ringed in the non‐breeding season in Copenhagen and the surrounding area. Ringing & Migration20: 97–106