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Bibliography
References
BirdLife International 2021
. Species factsheet: Columba oenas.
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Broad distribution area, from W Europe to Siberia, avoiding the too dry and too cold regions (BirdLife International 2021). Migratory strategy varies from resident to partial or totally migratory (migratory behavior increases to the N and E).
European populations show a main NE-SW migratory axis, with a main entrance in Iberia, where most recoveries seem to concentrate in winter together with W France. Apparent connectivity at least in some populations, though others could show weak connectivity with high overlap between populations of different origin in the non-breeding quarters. Scandinavian birds reveal high connectivity to SW France, although this could be biased by a high harvesting pressure in this part of Europe (note, however, that there are other zones with also high harvesting pressure but with few recoveries of this species).
A gamebird in many countries, so many recoveries caused by shot, even nowadays. Overall, therefore, 33% of recoveries due to shooting. Temporally, however, this general pattern has changed. Before 1990, roughly ca. 75% of recoveries were due to birds found dead, and from these many by shooting. From 1991 to present, the percentage of birds found dead (shot) represent 20% of recoveries. This contrasts with >70% of recoveries due to birds found alive, most (ca. 50%) by ringing.
Annual Movements for Stock Dove
Movements towards SW Europe patent in Sep, with a main passage through W Pyrenees (one of the main flyways) in Sep-Oct. Recoveries from Nov onwards already show wintering, which covers mostly Iberia, W France and Britain. Birds remain in their wintering sites up to Feb. By Mar, practically no recoveries in Iberia, and spring migration active, patent. Arrival to N breeding quarters, in Fennoscandia, from Apr to May.