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Bibliography
References
Olsen, K. M., Larsson, H.2004
. Gulls of Europe, Asia and North America. Helm Identification Guides, London
Schwemmer, P., Garthe, S.2006
. Spatial patterns in at-sea behaviour during spring migration by little gulls (Larus minutus) in the southeastern North Sea. Journal of Ornithology147Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-005-0035-3) : 354–366
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World smallest gull of high conservation concern with Palearctic distribution. Breeding colonially in N Europe, mostly Finland, Baltic countries and W Russia. Migratory strategy, wintering on W European coasts and fewer in the North Sea (Olsen & Larsson 2004; Schwemmer & Garthe 2006).
Most ring-recoveries come from N Europe (ca.73%), where birds breeding in Finland and the Baltic region move W/SW to main wintering grounds in UK and the Atlantic coasts of W Europe (Olsen & Larsson 2004). Fewer recoveries with S migratory direction, towards Mediterranean. Exceptional number of recoveries in Turkey, Tunisia, Kazakhstan and even E America. Other ringing regions with few data, thus hampering us to obtain firm conclusiones. NW European population shows similar pattern to N European populations.
Recoveries by Condition for Little Gull
Overall, half of this species recoveries (ca.49%) are due to birds found dead, sick or wounded, and 35% are birds seen alive (ringing recoveries). The proportion of dead recoveries has always been high, no less than 47% in any of the three chief time periods. The proportion of ringing recoveries reached a peak in 1961-1990 time period (ca. 40%), then decreasing to 18% from 1990 to present, where the alive recoveries other than from ringing or identified by other means, increased up to 30%.
Annual Movements for Little Gull
First-year birds start to migrate earlier than adults (already in Jul, peaking mid Aug/mid Sep). Post-breeding migration starts in late Aug until early Nov, according to literature, concentrations at specific moulting places before resuming their autumn S/SW-ward movements (Olsen & Larsson 2004). Arrival back to breeding sites in Finland / Baltic area in late Apr/ May. Spring migration takes place very rapidly (Schwemmer & Garthe 2006).
Connectivity by Month by Region for Little Gull
Phenological pattern similar to all populations; see then the 'Annual movements' section.
Olsen, K. M., Larsson, H.2004
. Gulls of Europe, Asia and North America. Helm Identification Guides, London
Schwemmer, P., Garthe, S.2006
. Spatial patterns in at-sea behaviour during spring migration by little gulls (Larus minutus) in the southeastern North Sea. Journal of Ornithology147Link to Article (DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-005-0035-3) : 354–366