Medium-sized warbler, feeds chiefly on insects, also other invertebrates, taken mostly from or near ground. Nominate cetti breeds in W and S Europe to Asia Minor and North Africa; orientalis Turkey to Crimea, N Iran (Zagros Mts.) and N Afghanistan; albiventris Iran to Kazakhstan, Afghanistan, Pakistan and W Xinjiang. Prefers watersides and swamps, in lower and more fragmented bushy cover away from woodlands. The European population is increasing and the status is Least Concern. Resident in Europe.