Contrôles par Condition for Torcol fourmilier

The bulk of encounters are obtained after 2000. They come from mainly from the breeding season, peaking in Jun (25% of all cases). Majority of encounters (ca. 94%) are recorded in C, SC, N % SW Europe (41, 26, 15 and 12% respectively). The encounters based on dead birds significantly decreased over time: from 70% pre-1960 to 5% after 1991; those based on alive birds markedly increased from 20% before 1960 to 95% after 1991. Shooting was an important factor mostly in the past – 18% pre-1960 and 5% in 1961-1990; most of these cases are concentrated in the Mediterranean region. Nowadays, most of the encounters come from alive birds due to ringing, including ringing at nestboxes (2.4% of all encounters). 

Long-distance ring recoveries from African winter quarters S of Sahara apparently lacking.

Annual Movements for Torcol fourmilier

Post-breeding movements start from late Jul, autumn migration take place mostly Aug-Sep, with progressively decreasing numbers afterwards. N Africa is reached as early as Sep, mostly in Oct. Most winter encounters in Europe are from the Iberian Peninsula and Italy. European breeding grounds are occupied primarily from Apr to mid-May.

In the Middle East (Israel) passage birds are more numerous in spring (Mar to mid-May) than in autumn (Sep to mid-Nov) (Yosef & Zduniak 2011).

Tracked birds from C Europe wintered both in SW Europe (Spain & Portugal) and Morocco: they reached their non-breeding areas between early Sep and mid-Oct (early Oct on average) and stayed there for 4.5-6 months; spring departure took place in early Mar (van Wijk et al. 2013).

Connectivité par mois par région pour Torcol fourmilier

Dispersal and autumn migratory movements begin as early as mid-summer. European breeders are encountered on the continent mostly until early autumn, small fraction of birds is encountered mid- to late autumn or during winter. Spain, Portugal and Italy hold the bulk of winter encounters in Europe. Passage and wintering sites in Africa are reached from early autumn, mostly mid-autumn.  Return movements within Europe take place mostly mid- to late spring.

Isotope analyses suggested low migratory connectivity for two studied breeding

populations (German and Swiss), leapfrog migration and partially overlapping wintering regions in Africa – possible wintering region of the German population is the Sahel zone, while that of the Swiss also included S Iberian Peninsula and S Italy (Reichlin et al. 2010).